{"doi":"10.1128/jb.185.17.5182-5191.2003","title":"The SopEΦ Phage Integrates into the<i>ssrA</i>Gene<i>of Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium A36 and Is Closely Related to the Fels-2 Prophage","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp. are enteropathogenic gram-negative bacteria that use a large array of virulence factors to colonize the host, manipulate host cells, and resist the host's defense mechanisms. Even closely related<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>strains have different repertoires of virulence factors. Bacteriophages contribute substantially to this diversity. There is increasing evidence that the reassortment of virulence factor repertoires by converting phages like the GIFSY phages and SopEΦ may represent an important mechanism in the adaptation of<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp. to specific hosts and to the emergence of new epidemic strains. Here, we have analyzed in more detail SopEΦ, a P2-like phage from<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica</jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium DT204 that encodes the virulence factor SopE. We have cloned and characterized the attachment site (<jats:italic>att</jats:italic>) of SopEΦ and found that its 47-bp core sequence overlaps the 3′ terminus of the<jats:italic>ssrA</jats:italic>gene of serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore, we have demonstrated integration of SopEΦ into the cloned<jats:italic>attB</jats:italic>site of serovar Typhimurium A36. Sequence analysis of the plasmid-borne prophage revealed that SopEΦ is closely related to (60 to 100% identity over 80% of the genome) but clearly distinct from the Fels-2 prophage of serovar Typhimurium LT2 and from P2-like phages in the serovar Typhi CT18 genome. Our results demonstrate that there is considerable variation among the P2-like phages present in closely related<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Bacteriology","year":2003,"id":657919,"datarank":3.1292189531489254,"base_score":4.060443010546419,"endowment":4.060443010546419,"self_citation_contribution":0.6090664515819629,"citation_network_contribution":2.5201525015669626,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6090664515819629,"citer_contribution":2.5201525015669626,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":57,"citer_count":49,"citers_with_citation_signal":47,"citers_with_endowment":47,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1717488,"name":"Susanne Mirold","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1545025,"name":"Wolf-Dietrich Hardt","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1717486,"name":"Cosima Pelludat","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"The SopEΦ Phage Integrates into the<i>ssrA</i>Gene<i>of Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium A36 and Is Closely Related to the Fels-2 Prophage","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp. are enteropathogenic gram-negative bacteria that use a large array of virulence factors to colonize the host, manipulate host cells, and resist the host's defense mechanisms. Even closely related<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>strains have different repertoires of virulence factors. Bacteriophages contribute substantially to this diversity. There is increasing evidence that the reassortment of virulence factor repertoires by converting phages like the GIFSY phages and SopEΦ may represent an important mechanism in the adaptation of<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp. to specific hosts and to the emergence of new epidemic strains. Here, we have analyzed in more detail SopEΦ, a P2-like phage from<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica</jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium DT204 that encodes the virulence factor SopE. We have cloned and characterized the attachment site (<jats:italic>att</jats:italic>) of SopEΦ and found that its 47-bp core sequence overlaps the 3′ terminus of the<jats:italic>ssrA</jats:italic>gene of serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore, we have demonstrated integration of SopEΦ into the cloned<jats:italic>attB</jats:italic>site of serovar Typhimurium A36. Sequence analysis of the plasmid-borne prophage revealed that SopEΦ is closely related to (60 to 100% identity over 80% of the genome) but clearly distinct from the Fels-2 prophage of serovar Typhimurium LT2 and from P2-like phages in the serovar Typhi CT18 genome. Our results demonstrate that there is considerable variation among the P2-like phages present in closely related<jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>spp.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.060443010546419,"endowment":4.060443010546419,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"12923091","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2160500771","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.8761,"citation_percentile":0.93107872,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":5},{"year":2013,"count":2},{"year":2014,"count":6},{"year":2015,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":3},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/181011","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/181011","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JB.185.17.5182-5191.2003","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.17.5182-5191.2003","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12923091","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC181011","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","Vibrio bacteria research studies","Attachment Sites, Microbiological","Bacterial Proteins","Bacteriophage P2","Base Sequence","DNA, Viral","Humans","Lysogeny","Molecular Sequence Data","Prophages","RNA, Bacterial","Salmonella Phages","Salmonella typhimurium","Sequence Analysis, DNA","Virus Integration"],"mesh_terms":["Attachment Sites, Microbiological","Bacterial Proteins","Base Sequence","DNA, Viral","Humans","Lysogeny","Molecular Sequence Data","RNA, Bacterial","Salmonella Phages","Salmonella typhimurium","Virus Integration","Sequence Analysis, DNA","Bacteriophage P2","Prophages"],"keywords":["Prophage","Biology","Salmonella enterica","Pathogenicity island","Virulence","Salmonella","Microbiology","Serotype","Plasmid","Lysogenic cycle","Bacteriophage","Genetics","Gene","Virology","Bacteria","Escherichia coli"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-12T02:44:28.602619Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}