{"doi":"10.1128/aem.71.5.2303-2309.2005","title":"Contribution of\n                    <i>Archaea</i>\n                    to Total Prokaryotic Production in the Deep Atlantic Ocean","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with polynucleotide probes revealed that the two major groups of planktonic\n                    <jats:italic>Archaea</jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Crenarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Euryarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibit a different distribution pattern in the water column of the Pacific subtropical gyre and in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system. While\n                    <jats:italic>Euryarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    were found to be more dominant in nearsurface waters,\n                    <jats:italic>Crenarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    were relatively more abundant in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic waters. We determined the abundance of archaea in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic North Atlantic along a south-north transect of more than 4,000 km. Using an improved catalyzed reporter deposition-FISH (CARD-FISH) method and specific oligonucleotide probes, we found that archaea were consistently more abundant than bacteria below a 100-m depth. Combining microautoradiography with CARD-FISH revealed a high fraction of metabolically active cells in the deep ocean. Even at a 3,000-m depth, about 16% of the bacteria were taking up leucine. The percentage of\n                    <jats:italic>Euryarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Crenarchaeaota</jats:italic>\n                    taking up leucine did not follow a specific trend, with depths ranging from 6 to 35% and 3 to 18%, respectively. The fraction of\n                    <jats:italic>Crenarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    taking up inorganic carbon increased with depth, while\n                    <jats:italic>Euryarchaeota</jats:italic>\n                    taking up inorganic carbon decreased from 200 m to 3,000 m in depth. The ability of archaea to take up inorganic carbon was used as a proxy to estimate archaeal cell production and to compare this archaeal production with total prokaryotic production measured via leucine incorporation. We estimate that archaeal production in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic North Atlantic contributes between 13 to 27% to the total prokaryotic production in the oxygen minimum layer and 41 to 84% in the Labrador Sea Water, declining to 10 to 20% in the North Atlantic Deep Water. Thus, planktonic archaea are actively growing in the dark ocean although at lower growth rates than bacteria and might play a significant role in the oceanic carbon cycle.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","year":2005,"id":19567,"datarank":12.767806075525156,"base_score":6.340359303727752,"endowment":6.340359303727752,"self_citation_contribution":0.9510538955591629,"citation_network_contribution":11.816752179965993,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9510538955591629,"citer_contribution":11.816752179965993,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":566,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":1,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":132128,"name":"Thomas Reinthaler","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132129,"name":"Eva Teira","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132130,"name":"Hendrik van Aken","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132131,"name":"Cornelius Veth","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132132,"name":"Annelie Pernthaler","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132133,"name":"Jakob Pernthaler","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":132119,"name":"Gerhard J. Herndl","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":6.340359303727752,"endowment":6.340359303727752,"datacite_reuse_total":1,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"15870315","pmcid":"PMC1087563","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2115338073","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Dutch Research Council (NWO)","grant_id":"811.33.004","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":34.6375,"citation_percentile":0.99936182,"influential_citations":61,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":40},{"year":2013,"count":42},{"year":2014,"count":39},{"year":2015,"count":29},{"year":2016,"count":16},{"year":2017,"count":29},{"year":2018,"count":17},{"year":2019,"count":31},{"year":2020,"count":17},{"year":2021,"count":21},{"year":2022,"count":21},{"year":2023,"count":21},{"year":2024,"count":12},{"year":2025,"count":13},{"year":2026,"count":4}],"oa_status":"green","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2303-2309.2005","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1087563?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2303-2309.2005","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2303-2309.2005","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2303-2309.2005","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15870315","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1087563","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology","Marine and coastal ecosystems","Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena","Biology","Medicine","Environmental Science","Archaea","Atlantic Ocean","Bacteria","Carbon","Plankton","Seawater"],"mesh_terms":["Archaea","Atlantic Ocean","Bacteria","Carbon","Plankton","Seawater"],"keywords":["Crenarchaeota","Euryarchaeota","Mesopelagic zone","Archaea","Bathyal zone","Thaumarchaeota","Biology","Water column","Oceanography","Ecology","Pelagic zone","Bacteria","Geology","Paleontology"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.870832.1","title":"Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fixation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release measurements of marine nitrifier cultures grown under different culture conditions","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)","resource_type":"Dataset"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-04T04:49:01.334610Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}