{"doi":"10.1128/aem.69.2.1059-1066.2003","title":"Comparison of Shiga Toxin Production by Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome-Associated and Bovine-Associated Shiga Toxin-Producing\n            <i>Escherichia coli</i>\n            Isolates","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            There is considerable diversity among Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic>\n            (STEC) bacteria, and only a subset of these organisms are thought to be human pathogens. The characteristics that distinguish STEC bacteria that give rise to human disease are not well understood. Stxs, the principal virulence determinants of STEC, are thought to account for hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a severe clinical consequence of STEC infection. Stxs are typically bacteriophage encoded, and their production has been shown to be enhanced by prophage-inducing agents such as mitomycin C in a limited number of clinical STEC isolates. Low iron concentrations also enhance Stx production by some clinical isolates; however, little is known regarding whether and to what extent these stimuli regulate Stx production by STEC associated with cattle, the principal environmental reservoir of STEC. In this study, we investigated whether toxin production differed between HUS- and bovine-associated STEC strains. Basal production of Stx by HUS-associated STEC exceeded that of bovine-associated STEC. In addition, following mitomycin C treatment, Stx2 production by HUS-associated STEC was significantly greater than that by bovine-associated STEC. Unexpectedly, mitomycin C treatment had a minimal effect on Stx1 production by both HUS- and bovine-associated STEC. However, Stx1 production was induced by growth in low-iron medium, and induction was more marked for HUS-associated STEC than for bovine-associated STEC. These observations reveal that disease-associated and bovine-associated STEC bacteria differ in their basal and inducible Stx production characteristics.\n          </jats:p>","journal":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","year":2003,"id":621876,"datarank":0.6663976884735476,"base_score":4.442651256490317,"endowment":4.442651256490317,"self_citation_contribution":0.6663976884735476,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6663976884735476,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":84,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1379610,"name":"Patrick L. Wagner","orcid":"0009-0004-3935-5316","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":208207,"name":"David W. K. Acheson","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332461,"name":"Matthew K. Waldor","orcid":"0000-0003-1843-7000","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1606130,"name":"Jenny M. Ritchie","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Comparison of Shiga Toxin Production by Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome-Associated and Bovine-Associated Shiga Toxin-Producing\n            <i>Escherichia coli</i>\n            Isolates","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            There is considerable diversity among Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic>\n            (STEC) bacteria, and only a subset of these organisms are thought to be human pathogens. The characteristics that distinguish STEC bacteria that give rise to human disease are not well understood. Stxs, the principal virulence determinants of STEC, are thought to account for hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a severe clinical consequence of STEC infection. Stxs are typically bacteriophage encoded, and their production has been shown to be enhanced by prophage-inducing agents such as mitomycin C in a limited number of clinical STEC isolates. Low iron concentrations also enhance Stx production by some clinical isolates; however, little is known regarding whether and to what extent these stimuli regulate Stx production by STEC associated with cattle, the principal environmental reservoir of STEC. In this study, we investigated whether toxin production differed between HUS- and bovine-associated STEC strains. Basal production of Stx by HUS-associated STEC exceeded that of bovine-associated STEC. In addition, following mitomycin C treatment, Stx2 production by HUS-associated STEC was significantly greater than that by bovine-associated STEC. Unexpectedly, mitomycin C treatment had a minimal effect on Stx1 production by both HUS- and bovine-associated STEC. However, Stx1 production was induced by growth in low-iron medium, and induction was more marked for HUS-associated STEC than for bovine-associated STEC. These observations reveal that disease-associated and bovine-associated STEC bacteria differ in their basal and inducible Stx production characteristics.\n          </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.442651256490317,"endowment":4.442651256490317,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"12571029","pmcid":"PMC143677","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2154870173","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"AI 42347","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R37 AI042347","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDDK NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 DK-34928","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"AI 39067","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDDK NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 DK034928","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AI042347","title":null},{"funder_name":"FDA HHS","grant_id":"FD-U-001574","title":null}],"total_grants":7,"fwci":4.4833,"citation_percentile":0.95130168,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":3},{"year":2013,"count":3},{"year":2014,"count":5},{"year":2015,"count":2},{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":2},{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":3}],"oa_status":"green","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/143677","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/143677","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AEM.69.2.1059-1066.2003","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.2.1059-1066.2003","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12571029","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Escherichia coli research studies","Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology","Transgenic Plants and Applications","Animals","Cattle","Cattle Diseases","Escherichia coli","Escherichia coli Infections","Escherichia coli O157","Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome","Humans","Iron","Mitomycin","Shiga Toxin 1","Shiga Toxin 2"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Cattle","Cattle Diseases","Escherichia coli","Escherichia coli Infections","Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome","Humans","Iron","Mitomycin","Escherichia coli O157","Shiga Toxin 1","Shiga Toxin 2"],"keywords":["Shiga toxin","Shiga-like toxin","Biology","Microbiology","Escherichia coli","STX2","Virulence","Prophage","Toxin","Bacteria","Enterobacteriaceae","Bacteriophage","Gene","Genetics"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T16:31:38.558382Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}