{"doi":"10.1128/aem.40.3.500-506.1980","title":"Restriction and Modification in Group N Streptococci: Effect of Heat on Development of Modified Lytic Bacteriophage","abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The appearance of lytic bacteriophage against newly introduced starter strains used during commercial cheese manufacture occurs rapidly, and their origin is not well understood. In this study, members of the group N streptococci were examined for the presence of bacteriophage restriction and modification systems. Two streptococcal phages from\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus cremoris</jats:italic>\n            TR and\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus lactis</jats:italic>\n            C2 (phage designations tr and c2) showed restricted lytic development on\n            <jats:italic>S. cremoris</jats:italic>\n            799 and KH, respectively. Efficiency of plaquing was 1.9 × 10\n            <jats:sup>−7</jats:sup>\n            for tr plaqued on 799 and 2.1 × 10\n            <jats:sup>−7</jats:sup>\n            for c2 plaqued on KH. After passage through the restrictive hosts, these phages demonstrated high lytic ability for formerly restrictive hosts. Stress of the restrictive host strains at temperatures of 40 to 50°C resulted in a significant increase in the efficiency of plaquing of restricted bacteriophages. Elevated temperatures are encountered during commercial cheese manufacture. The results suggested that the temporary loss of host restriction activity with the resulting modification of nonspecific bacteriophage may contribute directly to the appearance of lytic phage against new starter strains.\n          </jats:p>","journal":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","year":1980,"id":598417,"datarank":0.6732954554598211,"base_score":4.48863636973214,"endowment":4.48863636973214,"self_citation_contribution":0.6732954554598211,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6732954554598211,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":88,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1533381,"name":"T. R. Klaenhammer","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1533379,"name":"M. E. Sanders","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Restriction and Modification in Group N Streptococci: Effect of Heat on Development of Modified Lytic Bacteriophage","abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The appearance of lytic bacteriophage against newly introduced starter strains used during commercial cheese manufacture occurs rapidly, and their origin is not well understood. In this study, members of the group N streptococci were examined for the presence of bacteriophage restriction and modification systems. Two streptococcal phages from\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus cremoris</jats:italic>\n            TR and\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus lactis</jats:italic>\n            C2 (phage designations tr and c2) showed restricted lytic development on\n            <jats:italic>S. cremoris</jats:italic>\n            799 and KH, respectively. Efficiency of plaquing was 1.9 × 10\n            <jats:sup>−7</jats:sup>\n            for tr plaqued on 799 and 2.1 × 10\n            <jats:sup>−7</jats:sup>\n            for c2 plaqued on KH. After passage through the restrictive hosts, these phages demonstrated high lytic ability for formerly restrictive hosts. Stress of the restrictive host strains at temperatures of 40 to 50°C resulted in a significant increase in the efficiency of plaquing of restricted bacteriophages. Elevated temperatures are encountered during commercial cheese manufacture. The results suggested that the temporary loss of host restriction activity with the resulting modification of nonspecific bacteriophage may contribute directly to the appearance of lytic phage against new starter strains.\n          </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.48863636973214,"endowment":4.48863636973214,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"16345629","pmcid":"PMC291612","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1756098757","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":2.9009,"citation_percentile":0.8908286,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2013,"count":2},{"year":2014,"count":1},{"year":2015,"count":3},{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":4},{"year":2020,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":1}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/40/3/500.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/40/3/500.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/aem.40.3.500-506.1980","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.40.3.500-506.1980","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16345629","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/291612","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Lytic cycle","Bacteriophage","Starter","Microbiology","Biology","Streptococcus","Lysogenic cycle","Streptococcaceae","Bacteria","Virology","Virus","Food science","Genetics","Escherichia coli","Gene","Antibiotics"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-28T15:40:01.433860Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}