{"doi":"10.1128/aem.05806-11","title":"Norovirus Infectivity in Humans and Persistence in Water","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>To examine the long-term infectivity of human norovirus in water, 13 study subjects were challenged at different time points with groundwater spiked with the prototype human norovirus, Norwalk virus. Norwalk virus spiked in groundwater remained infectious after storage at room temperature in the dark for 61 days (the last time point tested). The Norwalk virus-seeded groundwater was stored for 1,266 days and analyzed, after RNase treatment, by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect Norwalk virus RNA contained within intact capsids. Norwalk virus RNA within intact capsids was detected in groundwater for 1,266 days, with no significant log<jats:sub>10</jats:sub>reduction throughout 427 days and a significant 1.10-log<jats:sub>10</jats:sub>reduction by day 1266. Purified Norwalk virus RNA (extracted from Norwalk virus virions) persisted for 14 days in groundwater, tap water, and reagent-grade water. This study demonstrates that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00313404.)</jats:p>","journal":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","year":2011,"id":16683,"datarank":12.214180586988043,"base_score":5.713732805509369,"endowment":5.713732805509369,"self_citation_contribution":0.8570599208264055,"citation_network_contribution":11.357120666161638,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8570599208264055,"citer_contribution":11.357120666161638,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":302,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":122267,"name":"Juan S. Leon","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":122268,"name":"Kellogg J. 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Seitz","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.713732805509369,"endowment":5.713732805509369,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"21856841","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2108316195","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NCRR NIH HHS","grant_id":"M01 RR0039","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"K01 AI087724","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCRR NIH HHS","grant_id":"M01 RR000039","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCATS NIH HHS","grant_id":"UL1 TR000454","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"1K01AI087724-01","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCRR NIH HHS","grant_id":"UL1 RR025008","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"AI056351","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AI056351","title":null}],"total_grants":8,"fwci":11.103,"citation_percentile":0.99147667,"influential_citations":11,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":14},{"year":2013,"count":28},{"year":2014,"count":25},{"year":2015,"count":24},{"year":2016,"count":27},{"year":2017,"count":19},{"year":2018,"count":21},{"year":2019,"count":14},{"year":2020,"count":23},{"year":2021,"count":25},{"year":2022,"count":18},{"year":2023,"count":23},{"year":2024,"count":16},{"year":2025,"count":20},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"green","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3187119","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3187119?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3187119","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AEM.05806-11","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.05806-11","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21856841","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology","Respiratory viral infections research","Virus-based gene therapy research","Biology","Medicine","Environmental Science","Caliciviridae Infections","Darkness","Human Experimentation","Humans","Microbial Viability","Norwalk virus","RNA, Viral","Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction","Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction","Time Factors","Water Microbiology"],"mesh_terms":["Darkness","Humans","Human Experimentation","Norwalk virus","RNA, Viral","Time Factors","Water Microbiology","Caliciviridae Infections","Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction","Microbial Viability","Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction"],"keywords":["Norwalk virus","Norovirus","Virology","Parvovirus","Murine norovirus","Infectivity","Virus","Biology","Virus quantification","Capsid","Microbiology","Minute virus of mice","Parvoviridae"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-02T12:47:24.243943Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}