{"doi":"10.1126/sciimmunol.abo2202","title":"Divergent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron–reactive T and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients","abstract":"The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is spreading rapidly, even in vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about immune escape. Here, we studied neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 D614G [wild type (WT)] and the Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern in a cohort of 60 health care workers after immunization with ChAdOx-1 S, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2. High binding antibody levels against WT SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) were detected 28 days after vaccination with both mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2), which substantially decreased after 6 months. In contrast, antibody levels were lower after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination but did not wane. Neutralization assays showed consistent cross-neutralization of the Beta and Delta variants, but neutralization of Omicron was significantly lower or absent. BNT162b2 booster vaccination after either two mRNA-1273 immunizations or Ad26.COV2 priming partially restored neutralization of the Omicron variant, but responses were still up to 17-fold decreased compared with WT. SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells were detected up to 6 months after all vaccination regimens, with more consistent detection of specific CD4 + than CD8 + T cells. No significant differences were detected between WT- and variant-specific CD4 + or CD8 + T cell responses, including Omicron, indicating minimal escape at the T cell level. This study shows that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, potentially balancing the lack of neutralizing antibodies in preventing or limiting severe COVID-19. Booster vaccinations are needed to further restore Omicron cross-neutralization by antibodies.","journal":"Science Immunology","year":2022,"id":231787,"datarank":0.9130162090368461,"base_score":6.0867747269123065,"endowment":6.0867747269123065,"self_citation_contribution":0.9130162090368461,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9130162090368461,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":439,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9618,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":804424,"name":"Daryl Geers","orcid":"0000-0002-3432-0761","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107140,"name":"Katharina S. Schmitz","orcid":"0000-0002-8537-0646","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":555791,"name":"Anna Z. Mykytyn","orcid":"0000-0001-7188-6871","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227373,"name":"Mart M. Lamers","orcid":"0000-0002-1431-4022","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804425,"name":"Susanne Bogers","orcid":"0000-0002-8212-2946","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":840862,"name":"Sandra Scherbeijn","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804426,"name":"Lennert Gommers","orcid":"0000-0002-4542-0303","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804427,"name":"Roos S. G. Sablerolles","orcid":"0000-0002-6647-6584","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804992,"name":"Nella N. Nieuwkoop","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804428,"name":"Laurine C. Rijsbergen","orcid":"0000-0001-8328-2899","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804429,"name":"Laura L.A. van Dijk","orcid":"0000-0001-5716-2738","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804993,"name":"Janet de Wilde","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804430,"name":"Kimberley Alblas","orcid":"0000-0001-7815-3806","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804431,"name":"Tim I. 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