{"doi":"10.1126/sciimmunol.abj3684","title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit durable immune responses in infant rhesus macaques","abstract":"The inclusion of infants in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine roll-out is important to prevent severe complications of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections and to limit transmission and could possibly be implemented via the global pediatric vaccine schedule. However, age-dependent differences in immune function require careful evaluation of novel vaccines in the pediatric population. Toward this goal, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Two groups of 8 infant rhesus macaques (RMs) were immunized intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4 with stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 S-2P spike (S) protein encoded by mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) or the purified S protein mixed with 3M-052, a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist in a squalene emulsion (Protein+3M-052-SE). Neither vaccine induced adverse effects. Both vaccines elicited high magnitude IgG binding to RBD, N terminus domain, S1, and S2, ACE2 blocking activity, and high neutralizing antibody titers, all peaking at week 6. S-specific memory B cells were detected by week 4 and S-specific T cell responses were dominated by the production of IL-17, IFN-γ, or TNF-α. Antibody and cellular responses were stable through week 22. The immune responses for the mRNA-LNP vaccine were of a similar magnitude to those elicited by the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine in adults. The S-2P mRNA-LNP and Protein-3M-052-SE vaccines were well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in infant RMs, providing proof-of concept for a pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with the potential for durable immunity that might decrease the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mitigate the ongoing health and socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19.","journal":"Science Immunology","year":2021,"id":162064,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":51,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9553,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":444165,"name":"Alan D. 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Munt","orcid":"0000-0002-1169-025X","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376982,"name":"Michael L. Mallory","orcid":"0000-0003-0768-572X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":611892,"name":"Pooja T. Saha","orcid":"0000-0002-2317-6311","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":130929,"name":"Michael G. Hudgens","orcid":"0000-0002-9106-4194","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298000,"name":"Lisa C. Lindesmith","orcid":"0000-0001-9567-0522","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5952,"name":"Ralph S. Baric","orcid":"0000-0001-6827-8701","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87310,"name":"Olubukola M. Abiona","orcid":"0000-0002-2745-1691","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87311,"name":"Barney S. Graham","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-0853","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87307,"name":"Kizzmekia S. Corbett","orcid":"0000-0002-2641-4688","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105569,"name":"Darin K. 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