{"doi":"10.1126/science.aan4236","title":"Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients","abstract":"Preclinical mouse models suggest that the gut microbiome modulates tumor response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy; however, this has not been well-characterized in human cancer patients. Here we examined the oral and gut microbiome of melanoma patients undergoing anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) immunotherapy (<i>n</i> = 112). Significant differences were observed in the diversity and composition of the patient gut microbiome of responders versus nonresponders. Analysis of patient fecal microbiome samples (<i>n</i> = 43, 30 responders, 13 nonresponders) showed significantly higher alpha diversity (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and relative abundance of bacteria of the Ruminococcaceae family (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in responding patients. Metagenomic studies revealed functional differences in gut bacteria in responders, including enrichment of anabolic pathways. Immune profiling suggested enhanced systemic and antitumor immunity in responding patients with a favorable gut microbiome as well as in germ-free mice receiving fecal transplants from responding patients. Together, these data have important implications for the treatment of melanoma patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors.","journal":"Science","year":2018,"id":11219,"datarank":10.492770896193464,"base_score":8.43076346341785,"endowment":8.43076346341785,"self_citation_contribution":1.2646145195126777,"citation_network_contribution":9.228156376680786,"self_endowment_contribution":1.2646145195126777,"citer_contribution":9.228156376680786,"corpus_percentile":83.2,"corpus_rank":2352,"citation_count":4585,"citer_count":166,"citers_with_citation_signal":166,"citers_with_endowment":166,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2018-01-05","authors":[{"id":90417,"name":"C. N. 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