{"doi":"10.1126/science.269.5221.198","title":"Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor","abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 × 10\n            <jats:sup>12</jats:sup>\n            per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.\n          </jats:p>","journal":"Science","year":1995,"id":9036,"datarank":31.45600314619322,"base_score":8.899457906353966,"endowment":8.899457906353966,"self_citation_contribution":1.334918685953095,"citation_network_contribution":30.121084460240123,"self_endowment_contribution":1.334918685953095,"citer_contribution":30.121084460240123,"corpus_percentile":98.6,"corpus_rank":1789,"citation_count":7327,"citer_count":192,"citers_with_citation_signal":192,"citers_with_endowment":192,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1995-07-14","authors":[{"id":77817,"name":"J. R. Ensher","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77818,"name":"M. R. Matthews","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77819,"name":"C. E. Wieman","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77820,"name":"E. A. Cornell","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77821,"name":"Michael H. Anderson","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77822,"name":"Carl Wieman","orcid":"0000-0003-1449-9319","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77823,"name":"Eric Cornell","orcid":"0009-0004-8034-9057","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":77816,"name":"M. H. Anderson","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":38,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}