{"doi":"10.1126/science.185.4157.1124","title":"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases","abstract":"This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty.","journal":"Science","year":1974,"id":7981,"datarank":17.63625599858855,"base_score":10.228320890618702,"endowment":10.228320890618702,"self_citation_contribution":1.5342481335928055,"citation_network_contribution":16.102007864995745,"self_endowment_contribution":1.5342481335928055,"citer_contribution":16.102007864995745,"corpus_percentile":98.4,"corpus_rank":193,"citation_count":27675,"citer_count":190,"citers_with_citation_signal":190,"citers_with_endowment":190,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1974-09-27","authors":[{"id":486,"name":"Daniel Kahneman","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":485,"name":"Amos Tversky","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":15,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}