{"doi":"10.1126/science.1178258","title":"Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Avidity Drives Influenza A Virus Antigenic Drift","abstract":"<jats:title>Flu's Tricky Tricks</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    After vaccination against influenza A virus, single-point mutations are selected in hemagglutinin (the virus molecule that binds to sialic acid molecules on the surface of host cells) that escape neutralization by polyclonal antibody responses.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Hensley\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"734\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1178258\">734</jats:related-article>\n                    ) have discovered that in mice these mutations increased the virus's avidity for sialic acid. Amino acid substitutions that occur during reiterations of immune escape and avidity modulation can thus drive antigenic variation. This constant evolution of influenza viruses requires us to change vaccine components annually, and, for equine influenza,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Park\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"726\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1175980\">726</jats:related-article>\n                    ) show that as the match between virus and vaccine strains drifts apart with time, the probability of becoming infected and the length of the infectious period increase to the point where outbreaks occur. Nevertheless, even imperfect vaccines may be of benefit to a population because increasing the proportion of vaccinated individuals can supply enough herd immunity to offset a poor antigenic match, especially if used in conjunction with antiviral drugs. For humans,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Yang\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"729\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1177373\">729</jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 10 September) estimate that the rate of transmission within U.S. households puts influenza A 2009 H1N1 (the current pandemic “swine flu”) in the higher range of transmissibility, compared to past seasonal and pandemic strains. Thus, to achieve mitigation this fall, children should be the first recipients of vaccine, followed by adults—aiming overall for 70% coverage of the population.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"Science","year":2009,"id":597950,"datarank":0.919357531509082,"base_score":6.129050210060545,"endowment":6.129050210060545,"self_citation_contribution":0.919357531509082,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.919357531509082,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":458,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":270036,"name":"Suman R. Das","orcid":"0000-0003-2496-9724","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107150,"name":"Adam L. Bailey","orcid":"0000-0002-6560-9680","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1532022,"name":"Loren M. Schmidt","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245858,"name":"Heather D. Hickman","orcid":"0000-0003-4168-4894","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1532023,"name":"Akila Jayaraman","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459874,"name":"Karthik Viswanathan","orcid":"0000-0002-1288-9965","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":495949,"name":"Rahul Raman","orcid":"0009-0009-9359-1551","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":495953,"name":"Ram Sasisekharan","orcid":"0000-0002-2085-7840","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528198,"name":"Jack R. Bennink","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":17894,"name":"Jonathan W. Yewdell","orcid":"0000-0002-3826-1906","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105476,"name":"Scott E. Hensley","orcid":"0000-0002-2928-7506","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Avidity Drives Influenza A Virus Antigenic Drift","abstract":"<jats:title>Flu's Tricky Tricks</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    After vaccination against influenza A virus, single-point mutations are selected in hemagglutinin (the virus molecule that binds to sialic acid molecules on the surface of host cells) that escape neutralization by polyclonal antibody responses.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Hensley\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"734\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1178258\">734</jats:related-article>\n                    ) have discovered that in mice these mutations increased the virus's avidity for sialic acid. Amino acid substitutions that occur during reiterations of immune escape and avidity modulation can thus drive antigenic variation. This constant evolution of influenza viruses requires us to change vaccine components annually, and, for equine influenza,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Park\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"726\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1175980\">726</jats:related-article>\n                    ) show that as the match between virus and vaccine strains drifts apart with time, the probability of becoming infected and the length of the infectious period increase to the point where outbreaks occur. Nevertheless, even imperfect vaccines may be of benefit to a population because increasing the proportion of vaccinated individuals can supply enough herd immunity to offset a poor antigenic match, especially if used in conjunction with antiviral drugs. For humans,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Yang\n                      <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n                    </jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"729\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"326\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1177373\">729</jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 10 September) estimate that the rate of transmission within U.S. households puts influenza A 2009 H1N1 (the current pandemic “swine flu”) in the higher range of transmissibility, compared to past seasonal and pandemic strains. Thus, to achieve mitigation this fall, children should be the first recipients of vaccine, followed by adults—aiming overall for 70% coverage of the population.\n                  </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.70805020110221,"endowment":2.70805020110221,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"19900932","pmcid":"PMC2784927","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1539973467","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"U54 GM62116","title":null},{"funder_name":"Intramural NIH HHS","grant_id":"Z01 AI001014","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"GM 57073","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1U54GM062116-01A1","title":"PILOT--ANTIGENS AND T CELL RECOGNITION OF CARBOHYDRATES"}],"total_grants":4,"fwci":0.5431,"citation_percentile":0.68721898,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2013,"count":2},{"year":2016,"count":1},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":2},{"year":2020,"count":2},{"year":2021,"count":2},{"year":2023,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":"cc-by-nc-sa","oa_locations":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67038","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67038","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1178258","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178258","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19900932","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2784927","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/67038","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/67038/1/Sasisekharan-2009-Hemagglutinin%20Receptor%20Binding%20Avidity%20Drives%20Influenza.pdf","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1178258","host_type":""},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67038","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178258","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Influenza Virus Research Studies","Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling","0301 basic medicine","03 medical and health sciences"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Antibodies, Viral","Antigenic Variation","Cell Line","Influenza Vaccines","Mice, Inbred BALB C","Mice, Inbred C57BL","Mutation","Receptors, Virus","Serial Passage","Models, Immunological","Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus","Mice","Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype","Antibodies, Neutralizing"],"keywords":["Avidity","Hemagglutinin (influenza)","Virology","Antigenic drift","Biology","Virus","Antigenicity","Influenza A virus","Antibody","Antigenic shift","Antigen","Mutant","Immunology","Gene","Genetics","Mice, Inbred BALB C","Models, Immunological","Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus","Antibodies, Viral","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Antigenic Variation","Cell Line","Mice, Inbred C57BL","Mice","Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype","Influenza Vaccines","Mutation","Animals","Receptors, Virus","Serial Passage"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. 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