{"doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adp5539","title":"A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on an NIR-II/SWIR emitting nanoparticle platform","abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global health crisis that resulted in millions of deaths. Effective vaccines have played central roles in curtailing the pandemic. Here, we developed a down-converting near-infrared IIb (NIR-IIb; 1500 to 1700 nanometers) luminescent, pure NaErF 4 @NaYF 4 rare-earth nanoparticle (pEr) as vaccine carriers. The pEr nanoparticles were coated with three layers of cross-linked biocompatible polymers (pEr-P 3 ; ~55 nanometers) and conjugated to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Upon subcutaneous injection of the pEr-P 3 -RBD nanovaccine in mice, in vivo NIR-IIb imaging revealed active vaccine trafficking and migration to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. Two doses of the adjuvant-free vaccine elicited long-lasting (>7 months) high titers of serum viral neutralization antibody and anti-RBD immunoglobulin G, along with robust RBD-specific germinal center B cells and T follicular helper cells. We devised in vivo NIR-II molecular imaging of RBD-specific cells in lymph nodes, opening noninvasive assessments of vaccine-elicited immune responses longitudinally.","journal":"Science Advances","year":2025,"id":525243,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9561,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":14909,"name":"Mrinmoy Sanyal","orcid":"0000-0002-1365-4279","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1400030,"name":"Noor Hussein","orcid":"0000-0003-2270-7739","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811445,"name":"Ani Baghdasaryan","orcid":"0000-0003-1324-5683","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1207626,"name":"Mengzhen Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-0019-7320","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":267721,"name":"Feifei Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-7687-3412","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347672,"name":"Fuqiang Ren","orcid":"0000-0003-3922-5840","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347670,"name":"Jiachen Li","orcid":"0000-0001-8311-4043","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":850603,"name":"Guanzhou Zhu","orcid":"0000-0001-8829-4776","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1400031,"name":"Yifan Meng","orcid":"0000-0001-6897-3595","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331613,"name":"Julia Z. Adamska","orcid":"0000-0001-8657-4141","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":350837,"name":"Elizabeth Mellins","orcid":"0000-0003-2577-139X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1400032,"name":"Hongjie Dai","orcid":"0000-0002-8541-5752","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1400029,"name":"Yingying Jiang","orcid":"0009-0000-5285-2211","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":90,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:21.274116Z","pmid":"39919189","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}