{"doi":"10.1126/sciadv.abf0344","title":"Ultrathin micromolded 3D scaffolds for high-density photoreceptor layer reconstruction","abstract":"Polymeric scaffolds are revolutionizing therapeutics for blinding disorders affecting the outer retina, a region anatomically and functionally defined by light-sensitive photoreceptors. Recent engineering advances have produced planar scaffolds optimized for retinal pigment epithelium monolayer delivery, which are being tested in early-stage clinical trials. We previously described a three-dimensional scaffold supporting a polarized photoreceptor monolayer, but photoreceptor somata typically occupy multiple densely packed strata to maximize light detection. Thus, patients with severe photoreceptor degeneration are expected to extract greater benefits from higher-density photoreceptor delivery. Here, we describe the microfabrication of a biodegradable scaffold patterned for high-density photoreceptor replacement. The \"ice cube tray\" structure optimizes mechanical properties and cell-to-biomaterial load, enabling production of a multicellular photoreceptor layer designed for outer retinal reconstruction. Our approach may also be useful in the production of a multitude of micro- and nanoscale structures for multilayered cell delivery in other tissues.","journal":"Science Advances","year":2021,"id":166162,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9459,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":347163,"name":"Allison L. Ludwig","orcid":"0000-0002-3327-9795","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":280704,"name":"M. Joseph Phillips","orcid":"0000-0001-8701-2386","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":522373,"name":"Juhwan Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-1082-6290","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270501,"name":"Ruosen Xie","orcid":"0000-0002-0249-0002","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":690937,"name":"Benjamin S. Sajdak","orcid":"0000-0002-0781-7342","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":349242,"name":"Lindsey D. Jager","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270504,"name":"Shaoqin Gong","orcid":"0000-0001-9447-2938","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":280706,"name":"David M. Gamm","orcid":"0000-0002-8152-613X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278759,"name":"Zhenqiang Ma","orcid":"0000-0001-9214-1342","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":40453,"name":"In‐Kyu Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-2261-7269","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":55,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:45.220559Z","pmid":"33883135","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}