{"doi":"10.1123/jmpb.2024-0051","title":"Performance Evaluation of Algorithms to Estimate Daily Sedentary Time Using Wrist-Worn Sensors in Free-Living Adults","abstract":"Purpose : Given the limited real-world testing of algorithms for wrist-worn sensors to estimate sedentary time, we examined the performance of 21 algorithms in free-living adults. Methods : Seventy-one adults (35–65 years) wore a GENEActiv (wrist) and an activPAL (thigh) sensor for up to 10 days. activPAL was our reference measure. We estimated sedentary time (hours/day) using 21 classification algorithms, including cut-point and machine-learning methods. Valid days from each monitor were matched by date and mean values were calculated. Equivalence testing (±10%) and linear regression were used to compare each algorithm’s estimate to the reference, over all participants and by sex and age. Results : activPAL recorded a mean of 9.4 hr/day sedentary. Five of 21 algorithms (24%) estimated sedentary time within 10% (±0.94 hr) of the reference. Two of these methods employed machine-learning algorithms (Trost Extended, OxWearables) and three employed cut-points (GGIR Euclidean norm minus one [ENMO] 40 mg; Bakrania ENMO 32.6 mg; Fraysse ENMOa 62.5 mg). Variance explained in linear regression was relatively high for the machine-learning ( R 2 = .44–.63) and cut-point algorithms developed for younger ( R 2 = .30–.64) and older ( R 2 = .45–.66) adults. More accurate performance was noted for algorithms developed in studies using posture-based ground truth measures and conducted in free-living settings. Conclusion : Fifteen of 21 (71%) algorithms produced estimates of sedentary time that were moderate-strongly correlated with the reference measure, but only five (24%) were within 10% of the reference. Free-living benchmarking studies like this can identify more accurate and precise algorithms to estimate sedentary time and identify characteristics of algorithm development studies that yield better results.","journal":"Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour","year":2025,"id":525994,"datarank":0.20794415416798362,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9497,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":318427,"name":"Pedro F. Saint‐Maurice","orcid":"0000-0002-8752-2340","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1401068,"name":"Joshua R. Freeman","orcid":"0000-0002-5493-6352","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1401069,"name":"Hayden A. Hayes","orcid":"0009-0003-3151-424X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":898304,"name":"Alaina H. Shreves","orcid":"0000-0002-0127-4391","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":20359,"name":"Aiden Doherty","orcid":"0000-0003-1840-0451","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231462,"name":"Eric T. Hyde","orcid":"0000-0002-5896-0894","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1401514,"name":"Katie Ylarregui","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241826,"name":"Rena R. Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-1294-1679","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381342,"name":"Sarah Kozey Keadle","orcid":"0000-0002-9569-9306","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231465,"name":"Charles E. Matthews","orcid":"0000-0001-8037-3103","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":43,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:25.860105Z","pmid":"40838174","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}