{"doi":"10.1119/1.1501116","title":"Efficiency of nonideal Carnot engines with friction and heat losses","abstract":"<jats:p>In nonideal thermodynamic engines the efficiency is well below the Carnot efficiency η=1−T1/T2. In 1975 an expression for the efficiency of a nonideal Carnot engine with heat losses was derived, yielding η=1−T1/T2 at maximum power output. In this paper, a corresponding relation is obtained for more general nonideal Carnot engines. If there are friction losses only, the result is η=(1−T1/T2)/2. If friction and heat losses are both included, the efficiency at maximum power depends on a dimensionless parameter λ* that takes into account the effects of friction and heat conduction, and can vary between the values obtained for friction and heat losses separately, (1−T1/T2)/2&amp;lt;ηpmax&amp;lt;1−T1/T2. A general relation between efficiency and power output is established, and it is shown that an appreciable gain in efficiency can be obtained at a power output only slightly below its maximum.</jats:p>","journal":"American Journal of Physics","year":2002,"id":29533,"datarank":1.913629036151709,"base_score":2.8903717578961645,"endowment":2.8903717578961645,"self_citation_contribution":0.4335557636844247,"citation_network_contribution":1.4800732724672843,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4335557636844247,"citer_contribution":1.4800732724672843,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":17,"citer_count":17,"citers_with_citation_signal":14,"citers_with_endowment":14,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":162633,"name":"E. Rebhan","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.8903717578961645,"endowment":2.8903717578961645,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"24523987","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1980173844","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.0,"citation_percentile":0.11119348,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2015,"count":1},{"year":2016,"count":3},{"year":2017,"count":1},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":2},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article-pdf/70/11/1143/7530266/1143_1_online.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1501116","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines","Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics","Physics","Engineering"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Carnot cycle","Heat engine","Dimensionless quantity","Physics","Thermodynamics","Maximum power principle","Thermal conduction","Mechanics","Power (physics)","Thermal efficiency","Control theory (sociology)","Chemistry","Combustion","Computer science"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-09T00:05:48.218562Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}