{"doi":"10.1117/1.nph.10.4.044302","title":"Pupil engineering for extended depth-of-field imaging in a fluorescence miniscope","abstract":"SignificanceFluorescence head-mounted microscopes, i.e., miniscopes, have emerged as powerful tools to analyze in-vivo neural populations but exhibit a limited depth-of-field (DoF) due to the use of high numerical aperture (NA) gradient refractive index (GRIN) objective lenses.AimWe present extended depth-of-field (EDoF) miniscope, which integrates an optimized thin and lightweight binary diffractive optical element (DOE) onto the GRIN lens of a miniscope to extend the DoF by 2.8 × between twin foci in fixed scattering samples.ApproachWe use a genetic algorithm that considers the GRIN lens’ aberration and intensity loss from scattering in a Fourier optics-forward model to optimize a DOE and manufacture the DOE through single-step photolithography. We integrate the DOE into EDoF-Miniscope with a lateral accuracy of 70 μm to produce high-contrast signals without compromising the speed, spatial resolution, size, or weight.ResultsWe characterize the performance of EDoF-Miniscope across 5- and 10-μm fluorescent beads embedded in scattering phantoms and demonstrate that EDoF-Miniscope facilitates deeper interrogations of neuronal populations in a 100-μm-thick mouse brain sample and vessels in a whole mouse brain sample.ConclusionsBuilt from off-the-shelf components and augmented by a customizable DOE, we expect that this low-cost EDoF-Miniscope may find utility in a wide range of neural recording applications.","journal":"Neurophotonics","year":2023,"id":341114,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9623,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":559398,"name":"Yujia Xue","orcid":"0000-0003-0144-3981","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":319930,"name":"Jeffrey Alido","orcid":"0000-0001-9730-5596","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":393579,"name":"Alex Matlock","orcid":"0000-0002-4337-2715","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":862063,"name":"Guorong Hu","orcid":"0009-0006-7446-0140","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256592,"name":"Kıvılcım Kılıç","orcid":"0000-0001-7248-8728","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":450738,"name":"Ian G. Davison","orcid":"0000-0003-0998-7676","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374502,"name":"Lei Tian","orcid":"0000-0002-1316-4456","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":990783,"name":"J. E. Greene","orcid":"0000-0002-7825-4030","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":57,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:11:03.393978Z","pmid":"37215637","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}