{"doi":"10.1117/1.jmi.12.3.033501","title":"Experimental investigation of direct–indirect flat-panel imager using tellurium-doped amorphous selenium","abstract":"PurposeActive matrix flat panel imagers (AMFPIs) are widely used in digital radiography, but both direct and indirect conversion technologies have limitations. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)-based direct detectors suffer from low X-ray quantum efficiency, whereas indirect detectors experience resolution loss due to optical photon scatter. A direct–indirect “Hybrid” AMFPI, combining both technologies in a single detector, has shown promise in overcoming these issues by incorporating an a-Se layer in contact with a scintillator, functioning as both an X-ray and optical sensor.ApproachWe aim to improve the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of the first Hybrid AMFPI prototype by (1) increasing the a-Se layer thickness and (2) doping a-Se with tellurium (Te) to improve optical quantum efficiency (OQE). A 6.5×6.5 cm2 prototype imager was fabricated with 700 μm a-Se, a Te-doped a-Se optical sensing layer, and a removable 1000 μm CsI:Tl scintillator.ResultsThe Hybrid configuration showed a 42% (RQA5) and 91% (RQA9) increase in X-ray sensitivity over the direct AMFPI due to a 10-fold OQE improvement from Te doping. The Hybrid AMFPI achieved a DQE(0) of 0.90 (RQA5) and 0.75 (RQA9). Real-time (30 frames-per-second) temporal performance measurements demonstrated minimal ghosting (<2%) but up to 12% lag, attributed to electron trapping in the Te-doped layer.ConclusionsHybrid AMFPI is the highest-performing imager for digital radiography applications as quantified by DQE at RQA9 beam quality but is currently limited by image lag. Future research will explore arsenic co-doping to improve electron transport for real-time imaging.","journal":"Journal of Medical Imaging","year":2025,"id":567633,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.959,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":519664,"name":"Adrian Howansky","orcid":"0000-0001-9012-5736","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1286357,"name":"Sébastien Léveillé","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1285910,"name":"Salman M. Arnab","orcid":"0000-0002-6409-1285","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":577744,"name":"Jann Stavro","orcid":"0000-0002-2224-2487","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":520300,"name":"Scott Dow","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":361960,"name":"Amir H. Goldan","orcid":"0000-0001-6513-5801","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1285911,"name":"Safa Kasap","orcid":"0000-0002-2392-3954","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1286358,"name":"Kenkichi Tanioka","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":301438,"name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":"0000-0002-6182-4746","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1286356,"name":"Corey Orlik","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":32,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:56:48.183032Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}