{"doi":"10.1111/risa.13767","title":"A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine‐Fluoride and IQ in Children","abstract":"As a guide to establishing a safe exposure level for fluoride exposure in pregnancy, we applied benchmark dose modeling to data from two prospective birth cohort studies. We included mother-child pairs from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort in Mexico and the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. Maternal urinary fluoride concentrations (U-F, in mg/L, creatinine-adjusted) were measured in urine samples obtained during pregnancy. Children were assessed for intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 4 (n = 211) and between six and 12 years (n = 287) in the ELEMENT cohort, and three to four years (n = 407) in the MIREC cohort. We calculated covariate-adjusted regression coefficients and their standard errors to assess the association of maternal U-F concentrations with children's IQ measures. Assuming a benchmark response of 1 IQ point, we derived benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and benchmark concentration levels (BMCLs). No deviation from linearity was detected in the dose-response relationships, but boys showed lower BMC values than girls. Using a linear slope for the joint cohort data, the BMC for maternal U-F associated with a 1-point decrease in IQ scores was 0.31 mg/L (BMCL, 0.19 mg/L) for the youngest boys and girls in the two cohorts, and 0.33 mg/L (BMCL, 0.20 mg/L) for the MIREC cohort and the older ELEMENT children. Thus, the joint data show a BMCL in terms of the adjusted U-F concentrations in the pregnant women of approximately 0.2 mg/L. These results can be used to guide decisions on preventing excess fluoride exposure in pregnant women.","journal":"Risk Analysis","year":2021,"id":170921,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":27,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6536,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":23088,"name":"Howard Hu","orcid":"0000-0002-3676-2707","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340178,"name":"Christine Till","orcid":"0000-0001-5030-3155","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340177,"name":"Rivka Green","orcid":"0000-0001-6829-1455","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":571679,"name":"Morteza Bashash","orcid":"0000-0002-5574-0087","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":571680,"name":"David B. Flora","orcid":"0000-0001-7472-0914","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307119,"name":"Martha María Téllez‐Rojo","orcid":"0000-0003-3322-3334","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325568,"name":"Peter X.‐K. Song","orcid":"0000-0001-7881-7182","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":301984,"name":"Bruce P. Lanphear","orcid":"0000-0003-2598-5574","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285521,"name":"Esben Budtz–Jørgensen","orcid":"0000-0002-5551-0724","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285523,"name":"Philippe Grandjean","orcid":"0000-0003-4046-9658","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:46:28.747384Z","pmid":"34101876","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}