{"doi":"10.1111/ppe.13129","title":"Early‐life menstrual characteristics and gestational diabetes in a large US cohort","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Associations between early-life menstrual cycle characteristics (MCC) and gestational diabetes (GDM) remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate associations between early-life MCCs and GDM in first pregnancy, across pregnancies and its recurrence. METHODS: This analysis included participants from a US-based digital cohort enrolled between 11/2019 and 9/2023 who provided consent, completed relevant surveys, were without diabetes and aged ≥18 at first pregnancy (n = 30,473). Age at menarche [<11 (early), 11-15 (referent), ≥16 (late) years] and time from menarche to cycle regularity [<1 (referent), 1-2, 3-4, ≥5 years, not yet regular, regular after hormones] were self-recalled at enrolment. Additionally, the last three categories were considered prolonged time-to-regularity (PTTR). GDM history was recalled at enrolment for each pregnancy. We restricted to pregnancies of ≥24 weeks with a live birth. We evaluated associations of early-life MCCs with GDM at first pregnancy using modified Poisson regression, across pregnancies using cluster-weighted Poisson generalised estimating equation and GDM recurrence using multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, early-life factors and age at pregnancy. Missing variables were imputed with multiple imputation by chained equations. RESULTS: Among 30,473 participants, 20,591 had eligible first pregnancies, of which 5.9% reported GDM. In 17,512 participants with ≥2 pregnancies, 8.3% had GDM once and 3.7% had recurrent GDM. Early menarche (<11 years, vs. 11-15 years) was associated with GDM in first pregnancy (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15, 1.57), across pregnancies (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10, 1.39) and recurrence (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.21, 1.89). PTTR was associated with GDM in the first pregnancy (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08, 1.38), across pregnancies (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05, 1.27) and recurrence (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.99, 1.43). CONCLUSIONS: Earlier menarche and prolonged time-to-regularity are associated with higher risk of GDM and recurrence, suggesting menstrual characteristics during childhood/adolescence as potential early-life markers for GDM.","journal":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology","year":2024,"id":460493,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5983,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":294195,"name":"Donna D. Baird","orcid":"0000-0002-5544-2653","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364473,"name":"Michelle A. Williams","orcid":"0000-0001-5807-5281","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":431657,"name":"Anne Marie Z. Jukic","orcid":"0000-0001-8635-9505","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":433685,"name":"Allen J. Wilcox","orcid":"0000-0002-3376-1311","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":422882,"name":"Christine L. Curry","orcid":"0000-0003-4783-9623","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":681999,"name":"Tyler Fischer‐Colbrie","orcid":"0000-0001-5723-800X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305790,"name":"Jukka‐Pekka Onnela","orcid":"0000-0001-6613-8668","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307047,"name":"Russ Hauser","orcid":"0000-0002-1899-3982","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":94039,"name":"Brent A. Coull","orcid":"0000-0002-1808-4156","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":484724,"name":"Shruthi Mahalingaiah","orcid":"0000-0002-5527-5787","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":937137,"name":"Zifan Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-6068-2902","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":59,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:07.925246Z","pmid":"39607069","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}