{"doi":"10.1111/pedi.13209","title":"Clinical features, biochemistry, and <i>HLA‐DRB1</i> status in youth‐onset type 1 diabetes in Sudan","abstract":"Objective To further understand clinical and biochemical features, and HLA-DRB1 genotypes, in new cases of diabetes in Sudanese children and adolescents. Research Design and Methods Demographic characteristics, clinical information, and biochemical parameters (blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 [GADA] and insulinoma-associated protein-2 [IA-2A], and HLA-DRB1) were assessed in 99 individuals <18 years, recently (<18 months) clinically diagnosed with T1D. HLA-DRB1 genotypes for 56 of these Arab individuals with T1D were compared to a mixed control group of 198 healthy Arab (75%) and African (25%) individuals without T1D. Results Mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 10.1 ± 4.3 years (range 0.7–17.6 years) with mode at 9–12 years. A female preponderance was observed. Fifty-two individuals (55.3%) presented in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Mean ± SD serum fasting C-peptide values were 0.22 ± 0.25 nmol/L (0.66±0.74 ng/ml). 31.3% were autoantibody negative, 53.4% were GADA positive, 27.2% were IA-2A positive, with 12.1% positive for both autoantibodies. Association analysis compared to 198 controls of similar ethnic origin revealed strong locus association with HLA-DRB1 (p < 2.4 × 10–14). Five HLA-DRB1 alleles exhibited significant T1D association: three alleles (DRB1*03:01, DRB1*04:02, and DRB1*04:05) were positively associated, while three (DRB1*10:01, DRB1*15:02, and DRB1*15:03) were protective. DRB1*03:01 had the strongest association (odds ratio = 5.04, p = 1.7 × 10–10). Conclusions Young Sudanese individuals with T1D generally have similar characteristics to reported European-origin T1D populations. However, they have higher rates of DKA and slightly lower autoantibody rates than reported European-origin populations, and a particularly strong association with HLA-DRB1*03:01.","journal":"Pediatric Diabetes","year":2021,"id":181086,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8699,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":731924,"name":"Denira Govender","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731311,"name":"Mohamed Ahmed Abdullah","orcid":"0000-0001-7121-8216","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731312,"name":"Janelle A. Noble","orcid":"0000-0003-0364-4795","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731313,"name":"Mohammed Hussien","orcid":"0000-0002-6661-2988","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731925,"name":"Julie A. Lane","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":671952,"name":"Steven J. Mack","orcid":"0000-0001-9820-9547","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731926,"name":"Gregory George Noble Martin","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23929,"name":"Mark A. Atkinson","orcid":"0000-0001-8489-4782","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477240,"name":"Clive Wasserfall","orcid":"0000-0002-3522-8932","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":415396,"name":"Graham D. Ogle","orcid":"0000-0002-2022-0866","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731923,"name":"Tomader Ali Mohammed Ibrahim","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":38,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:48:01.257885Z","pmid":"33837995","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}