{"doi":"10.1111/nph.13383","title":"Xylem development – from the cradle to the grave","abstract":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>The development and growth of plants, as well as their successful adaptation to a variety of environments, is highly dependent on the conduction of water, nutrients and other important molecules throughout the plant body. Xylem is a specialized vascular tissue that serves as a conduit of water and minerals and provides mechanical support for upright growth. Wood, also known as secondary xylem, constitutes the major part of mature woody stems and roots. In the past two decades, a number of key factors including hormones, signal transducers and (post)transcriptional regulators have been shown to control xylem formation. We outline the main mechanisms shown to be essential for xylem development in various plant species, with an emphasis on <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic>, as well as several tree species where xylem has a long history of investigation. We also summarize the processes which have been shown to be instrumental during xylem maturation. This includes mechanisms of cell wall formation and cell death which collectively complete xylem cell fate.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n\n<jats:table frame=\"void\">\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:thead>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:th/>\n<jats:th>Contents</jats:th>\n<jats:th/>\n</jats:tr>\n</jats:thead>\n<jats:tbody>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td>Summary</jats:td>\n<jats:td>519</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>I.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0002\">Introduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>519</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>II.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0003\">Anatomy and various types of xylem in vascular tissue</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>520</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>III.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0004\">The birth of protoxylem – molecular factors determining xylem identity</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>520</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>IV.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0012\">Xylem maturation, secondary cell wall formation and cell death</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>527</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>V.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0016\">Conclusions</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0017\">Acknowledgements</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-bibl-0001\">References</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n</jats:tbody>\n</jats:table>\n\n</jats:table-wrap></jats:p>","journal":"New Phytologist","year":2015,"id":664831,"datarank":0.7789435276335317,"base_score":5.19295685089021,"endowment":5.19295685089021,"self_citation_contribution":0.7789435276335317,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7789435276335317,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":179,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":632884,"name":"Robertas Ursache","orcid":"0000-0002-3803-253X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278660,"name":"Jan Hejátko","orcid":"0000-0002-2622-6046","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":632897,"name":"Ykä Helariutta","orcid":"0000-0002-7287-8459","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":146463,"name":"Kamil Růžička","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Xylem development – from the cradle to the grave","abstract":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>The development and growth of plants, as well as their successful adaptation to a variety of environments, is highly dependent on the conduction of water, nutrients and other important molecules throughout the plant body. Xylem is a specialized vascular tissue that serves as a conduit of water and minerals and provides mechanical support for upright growth. Wood, also known as secondary xylem, constitutes the major part of mature woody stems and roots. In the past two decades, a number of key factors including hormones, signal transducers and (post)transcriptional regulators have been shown to control xylem formation. We outline the main mechanisms shown to be essential for xylem development in various plant species, with an emphasis on <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic>, as well as several tree species where xylem has a long history of investigation. We also summarize the processes which have been shown to be instrumental during xylem maturation. This includes mechanisms of cell wall formation and cell death which collectively complete xylem cell fate.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n\n<jats:table frame=\"void\">\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:col/>\n<jats:thead>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:th/>\n<jats:th>Contents</jats:th>\n<jats:th/>\n</jats:tr>\n</jats:thead>\n<jats:tbody>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td>Summary</jats:td>\n<jats:td>519</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>I.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0002\">Introduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>519</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>II.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0003\">Anatomy and various types of xylem in vascular tissue</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>520</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>III.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0004\">The birth of protoxylem – molecular factors determining xylem identity</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>520</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>IV.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0012\">Xylem maturation, secondary cell wall formation and cell death</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>527</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>V.</jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0016\">Conclusions</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-sec-0017\">Acknowledgements</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#nph13383-bibl-0001\">References</jats:ext-link></jats:td>\n<jats:td>530</jats:td>\n</jats:tr>\n</jats:tbody>\n</jats:table>\n\n</jats:table-wrap></jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.19295685089021,"endowment":5.19295685089021,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"25809158","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2163633084","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Czech Science Foundation","grant_id":"P501/12/0934","title":null},{"funder_name":"European Social Fund","grant_id":"CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0189","title":null},{"funder_name":"European Commission","grant_id":"323052","title":"The role of symplastic communication during root development"},{"funder_name":"Academy of Finland and Tekes","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"Integrative Life Science doctoral Program","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":5,"fwci":20.6518,"citation_percentile":0.99420429,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2015,"count":4},{"year":2016,"count":15},{"year":2017,"count":16},{"year":2018,"count":8},{"year":2019,"count":8},{"year":2020,"count":16},{"year":2021,"count":13},{"year":2022,"count":19},{"year":2023,"count":18},{"year":2024,"count":25},{"year":2025,"count":24},{"year":2026,"count":13}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"Wiley Online Library User Agreement","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fnph.13383","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25809158","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":""},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13383","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Plant Molecular Biology Research","Plant Reproductive Biology","Plant Diversity and Evolution","0301 basic medicine","0303 health sciences","03 medical and health sciences"],"mesh_terms":["Cell Wall","Cell Death","Plant Leaves","Xylem"],"keywords":["Xylem","Biology","Botany","Cell wall","Wood","Cytokinin","Root development","pattern formation","vascular development","auxin","Plant Leaves","Cell Death"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":2,"sdg_label":"2. 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