{"doi":"10.1111/liv.70001","title":"The Global Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases in 2021","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases has changed in recent years due to shifts in the contributing aetiologies. We estimated the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, including etiological and regional differences, across 204 countries and territories from 2010 to 2021.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed temporal trends in the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases utilising data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We estimated annual frequencies and age‐standardised rates (ASRs) of incident cases, deaths and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) by sex, country, World Health Organisation region and its contributing aetiologies. In 2021, there were an estimated 58 417 006 incident cases, 1 425 142 deaths and 46 417 777 DALYs related to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases. From 2010 to 2021, there was a rise in age‐standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) (APC: +0.35%) but age‐standardised death rates (ASDRs) (APC: −1.74%) and age‐standardised disability‐adjusted life‐years (ASDALYs) (APC: −1.85%) declined. Cirrhosis related to metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) contributed to 48 310 981 incident cases in 2021 and was largely responsible for the overall increase in ASIRs from 2010 to 2021. Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases related to MASH were the only aetiology with a rise in ASIR (APC: +0.86%). Age‐standardised deaths related to all aetiologies of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases declined during the study period. Age‐standardised deaths and DALYs related to MASH increased in the Americas, unlike all other world regions where they declined or remained stable.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age‐adjusted deaths related to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases are declining. However, the age‐adjusted incidence of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases is increasing, driven by increases in the incidence of MASH.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","journal":"Liver International","year":2025,"id":644799,"datarank":0.62147020895873,"base_score":4.143134726391533,"endowment":4.143134726391533,"self_citation_contribution":0.62147020895873,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.62147020895873,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":62,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":839307,"name":"Darren Jun Hao Tan","orcid":"0000-0001-5358-524X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1230436,"name":"Pojsakorn Danpanichkul","orcid":"0000-0002-9121-165X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1248697,"name":"Cheng Han Ng","orcid":"0000-0002-8297-1569","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":646834,"name":"Nicholas Syn","orcid":"0000-0002-6343-176X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678554,"name":"Benjamin Koh","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1382130,"name":"Ryan Yan Zhe Lim","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1020141,"name":"Karn Wijarnpreecha","orcid":"0000-0002-6232-6343","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678555,"name":"Magaret Li Peng Teng","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678556,"name":"Benjamin Kai Yi Nah","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678557,"name":"Benedix Kuan Loo Sim","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678559,"name":"Xianda Cheng","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1421072,"name":"Zixuan Zhang","orcid":"0009-0000-5250-8672","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1489347,"name":"Kartik Mitra","orcid":"0000-0003-4891-1463","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":13849,"name":"Toru Nakamura","orcid":"0000-0001-5752-0814","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":939895,"name":"Hirokazu Takahashi","orcid":"0000-0002-2374-2889","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":234439,"name":"Rohit Loomba","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678560,"name":"Ming‐Hua Zheng","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263942,"name":"Mark Muthiah","orcid":"0000-0002-9724-4743","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":839305,"name":"Daniel Q. Huang","orcid":"0000-0002-5165-5061","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1382128,"name":"Ethan Kai Jun Tham","orcid":"0009-0008-9786-6922","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"The Global Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases in 2021","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases has changed in recent years due to shifts in the contributing aetiologies. We estimated the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, including etiological and regional differences, across 204 countries and territories from 2010 to 2021.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed temporal trends in the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases utilising data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We estimated annual frequencies and age‐standardised rates (ASRs) of incident cases, deaths and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) by sex, country, World Health Organisation region and its contributing aetiologies. In 2021, there were an estimated 58 417 006 incident cases, 1 425 142 deaths and 46 417 777 DALYs related to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases. From 2010 to 2021, there was a rise in age‐standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) (APC: +0.35%) but age‐standardised death rates (ASDRs) (APC: −1.74%) and age‐standardised disability‐adjusted life‐years (ASDALYs) (APC: −1.85%) declined. Cirrhosis related to metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) contributed to 48 310 981 incident cases in 2021 and was largely responsible for the overall increase in ASIRs from 2010 to 2021. Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases related to MASH were the only aetiology with a rise in ASIR (APC: +0.86%). Age‐standardised deaths related to all aetiologies of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases declined during the study period. Age‐standardised deaths and DALYs related to MASH increased in the Americas, unlike all other world regions where they declined or remained stable.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age‐adjusted deaths related to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases are declining. However, the age‐adjusted incidence of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases is increasing, driven by increases in the incidence of MASH.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.127134385045092,"endowment":4.127134385045092,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"39927433","pmcid":"PMC11808647","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4407349148","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIDDK NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 DK120515","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01DK124318-02","title":"Non-invasive screening of diabetics for advanced fibrosis due to NAFLD"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01DK121378-02","title":"Ancillary Studies of NAFLD and NASH in HIV infected Adults"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1R01DK106419-01","title":"QUS Technology for Diagnosis and Grading of Hepatic Steatosis in NAFLD"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1P01HL147835-01A1","title":"A Cardiovascular-NASH disease nexus: Common Mechanisms and Treatments?"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5U01DK130190-05","title":"San Diego Cirrhosis Clinical Research Network"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"2UL1TR001442-06","title":"UC San Diego Clinical and Translational Research Institute"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3U01DK061734-14S2","title":"Clinical Research on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5P30DK120515-04","title":"San Diego Digestive Diseases Research Center"}],"total_grants":9,"fwci":44.1473,"citation_percentile":0.99920172,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2025,"count":21},{"year":2026,"count":40}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39927433","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11808647","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9br871jn","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11808647/pdf/LIV-45-0.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11808647","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11808647?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":""},{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9br871jn/qt9br871jn.pdf","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.70001","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","Liver Disease and Transplantation","Hepatitis C virus research","03 medical and health sciences","0303 health sciences","Humans","Liver Cirrhosis","Male","Female","Global Burden of Disease","Incidence","Middle Aged","Disability-Adjusted Life Years","Chronic Disease","Aged","Adult","Liver Diseases","Global Health"],"mesh_terms":["Global Burden of Disease","Disability-Adjusted Life Years","Adult","Aged","Chronic Disease","Female","Humans","Liver Cirrhosis","Liver Diseases","Male","Middle Aged","Global Health","Incidence","Quality-Adjusted Life Years"],"keywords":["Medicine","Cirrhosis","Chronic liver disease","Incidence (geometry)","Steatohepatitis","Etiology","Liver disease","Internal medicine","Disease","Fatty liver","Global Burden","Liver Cirrhosis","Male","Adult","Clinical Sciences","Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis","610","Global Health","Oral and gastrointestinal","Global Burden of Disease","Humans","Aged","Biomedical and Clinical Sciences","Gastroenterology & Hepatology","Incidence","Liver Diseases","Disability-Adjusted Life Years","Middle Aged","Good Health and Well Being","Burden of Illness","Chronic Disease","Original Article","Female","Quality-Adjusted Life Years","Digestive Diseases","Infection","2.4 Surveillance and distribution"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"doi"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-09T02:11:19.705221Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}