{"doi":"10.1111/jon.12923","title":"Global cerebrospinal fluid as a zero‐reference regularization for brain quantitative susceptibility mapping","abstract":"BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective ofthis study was to demonstrate a global cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) method for a consistent and automated zero referencing of brain quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS: map, and regularization was employed to enforce uniform susceptibility distribution within the CSF volume in the field-to-susceptibility inversion. This global CSF regularization method was compared with a prior ventricular CSF regularization. Both reconstruction methods were compared in a repeatability study of 12 healthy subjects using t-test on susceptibility measurements, and in patient studies of 17 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 10 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using Wilcoxon rank-sum test on radiological scores. RESULTS: In scan-rescan experiments, global CSF regularization provided more consistent CSF volume as well as higher repeatability of QSM measurements than ventricular CSF regularization with a smaller bias: -2.7 parts per billion (ppb) versus -0.13 ppb (t-test p<0.05) and a narrower 95% limits of agreement: [-7.25, 6.99] ppb versus [-16.60, 11.19 ppb] (f-test p<0.05). In PD and MS patients, global CSF regularization reduced smoothly varying shadow artifacts and significantly improved the QSM quality score (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed whole brain CSF method for QSM zero referencing improves repeatability and image quality of brain QSM compared to the ventricular CSF method.","journal":"Journal of Neuroimaging","year":2021,"id":172807,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":25,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9568,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":314691,"name":"Thanh D. Nguyen","orcid":"0000-0002-1411-7694","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314690,"name":"Pascal Spincemaille","orcid":"0000-0002-8821-1341","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":417892,"name":"Elizabeth Sweeney","orcid":"0000-0002-2555-5497","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":709250,"name":"Nicole Zinger","orcid":"0000-0002-4500-1475","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":532042,"name":"İlhami Kovanlıkaya","orcid":"0000-0001-6339-9862","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":362203,"name":"Brian H. Kopell","orcid":"0000-0002-6955-4787","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":417895,"name":"Susan A. Gauthier","orcid":"0000-0002-4015-1781","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314692,"name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1404-8526","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":525820,"name":"Alexey Dimov","orcid":"0000-0003-0460-6635","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:46:41.424716Z","pmid":"34480496","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}