{"doi":"10.1111/jnc.13850","title":"A microdialysis and enzymatic reactor sensing procedure for the simultaneous registration of online glutamate measurements at high temporal resolution during epileptiform activity","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>Glutamate measurement in microdialysis samples has primarily been determined using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPLC</jats:styled-content> methods, and several attempts have been made to establish a relationship between this neurotransmitter and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG</jats:styled-content> activity during altered brain function, such as epilepsy. However, classic microdialysis methods lack high temporal resolution. In this study, a new alternative is proposed to improve the time resolution and thus obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of Glu and its relationship with epileptiform activity. A new setup was designed to measure Glu online in microdialysates using enzymatic reactors and fluorescence detection. In this study, we performed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG</jats:styled-content> recordings and Glu measurements simultaneously in the hippocampus to establish their relationship with the epileptiform events that are induced by pentylenetetrazole in intact and epileptic rats. Basal Glu levels in intact and animals with spontaneous seizures were not significantly different. However, a significant increase in Glu levels was detected during the first pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure in both groups. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG</jats:styled-content> analysis showed that the amplitude of epileptiform activity was higher in rats with spontaneous seizures and that the frequency of this activity did not change. The results showed that this method can be used to determine Glu changes at high temporal resolution and that these changes can be related to seizure activity. In addition, this method can also be used to measure other neurotransmitters that generate fluorescent derivatives. Moreover, this new technique has the following advantages compared with classical neurochemical methods: easy setup, low training requirements, no need for separation, rapidity, and the experimental data can be obtained and analysis performed in a single session.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" mimetype=\"image/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic/jnc13850-fig-0006-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image</jats:alt-text></jats:graphic></jats:boxed-text>\n</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Journal of Neurochemistry","year":2016,"id":41059,"datarank":0.4335265372701618,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"self_citation_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citation_network_contribution":0.10394285066972887,"self_endowment_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citer_contribution":0.10394285066972887,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":198381,"name":"Kenia Pardo‐Peña","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":198382,"name":"Laura Medina‐Ceja","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":198383,"name":"Silvia López‐Pérez","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":198380,"name":"Alberto Morales‐Villagrán","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"27649889","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2522828082","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","grant_id":"105807","title":null},{"funder_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","grant_id":"250930","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":0.5048,"citation_percentile":0.65373111,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2018,"count":2},{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":2},{"year":2022,"count":2}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jnc.13850","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jnc.13850","host_type":"BRONZE"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jnc.13850","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fjnc.13850","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jnc.13850","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13850","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649889","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","Epilepsy research and treatment","Chemistry","Medicine","Engineering","Animals","Electroencephalography","Glutamic Acid","Hippocampus","Male","Microdialysis","Pentylenetetrazole","Rats","Rats, Wistar","Seizures"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Electroencephalography","Hippocampus","Male","Pentylenetetrazole","Seizures","Rats, Wistar","Microdialysis","Glutamic Acid","Rats"],"keywords":["Microdialysis","Glutamate receptor","Chemistry","Enzyme","Resolution (logic)","Neuroscience","Biomedical engineering","Chromatography","Biological system","Computer science","Biochemistry","Artificial intelligence","Central nervous system","Biology","Medicine","Glutamate","Seizures","High Temporal Resolution"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-12T20:41:49.929855Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}