{"doi":"10.1111/jcpp.13807","title":"Is age of onset and duration of stimulant therapy for ADHD associated with cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse?","abstract":"BACKGROUND: To assess whether age of onset and duration of stimulant therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse during adolescence. METHODS: Nationally representative samples of US 10th and 12th grade students (N = 150,395) from the Monitoring the Future study were surveyed via self-administered questionnaires from 16 annual surveys (2005-2020). RESULTS: An estimated 8.2% of youth received stimulant therapy for ADHD during their lifetime (n = 10,937). More than one in 10 of all youth reported past-year prescription stimulant misuse (10.4%)-past-year cocaine (4.4%) and methamphetamine (2.0%) use were less prevalent. Youth who initiated early stimulant therapy for ADHD (≤9 years old) and for long duration (≥6 years) did not have significantly increased adjusted odds of cocaine or methamphetamine use relative to population controls (ie, non-ADHD and unmedicated ADHD youth). Youth who initiated late stimulant therapy for ADHD (≥10 years old) and for short duration (<1 year) had significantly higher odds of past-year cocaine or prescription stimulant misuse in adolescence than those initiating early stimulant therapy for ADHD (≤9 years old) and for long duration (≥6 years). Youth who initiated late stimulant therapy for ADHD (≥10 years) for short duration (<1 year) had significantly higher odds of past-year cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse versus population controls during adolescence. No differences in past-year cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse were found between individuals who only used non-stimulant therapy for ADHD relative to youth who initiated early stimulant therapy (≤9 years old) and for long duration (≥6 years). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse relationship was found between years of stimulant therapy and illicit and prescription stimulant misuse. Adolescents with later initiation and/or shorter duration of stimulant treatment for ADHD should be monitored for potential illicit and prescription stimulant misuse.","journal":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","year":2023,"id":334495,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.882,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1063302,"name":"Olivia Figueroa","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":368100,"name":"Vita V. McCabe","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":475273,"name":"Ty S. Schepis","orcid":"0000-0003-3655-0496","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":327119,"name":"John E. Schulenberg","orcid":"0000-0003-2129-8486","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336819,"name":"Philip Veliz","orcid":"0000-0003-2544-3468","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":967622,"name":"Kennedy S. Werner","orcid":"0009-0000-7347-8564","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":471760,"name":"Timothy E. Wilens","orcid":"0000-0002-5749-8503","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":324103,"name":"Rebecca J. Evans-Polce","orcid":"0000-0002-9622-4652","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:09:48.843291Z","pmid":"37062713","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}