{"doi":"10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04906.x","title":"Developmental Life Cycle of <i>Leishmania</i>—Cultivation and Characterization of Cultured Extracellular Amastigotes1","abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>ABSTRACT.</jats:bold> The biochemistry and immunology of <jats:italic>Leishmania</jats:italic> promastigotes has been extensively studied; this is due primarily to the facility with which this stage, in contrast to the amastigotes stage, can be maintained in axenic culture. Several attempts to axenically culture lines of <jats:italic>Leishmania</jats:italic> amastigotes have been reported in the literature. This paper summarizes methods of adaptation (low pH, elevated temperature and culture medium) and characterization of several axenic lines of <jats:italic>Leishmania</jats:italic> amastigotes. Based on morphological, biological, immunological and biochemical evidence, these organisms appear to resemble amastigotes from infected macrophages or tissue. The axenically cultured amastigotes appear to be distinct from shocked (heat, serum deprivation, stressed) <jats:italic>Leishmania</jats:italic> promastigotes in the plethora of proteins synthesized, growth (multiplication) in culture, and developmental regulation observed. These data suggest that <jats:italic>Leishmania</jats:italic> organisms have a significant developmental response to certain signals (pH, temperature) mimicking their in vivo macrophage milieu. The response to other environmental parameters characteristic of the host‐macrophage remain to be determined. These axenically cultured amastigotes should be of interest for further immunological, biochemical and developmental investigations of the disease‐maintaining stage of this parasite.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","year":1993,"id":31926,"datarank":5.502331285393521,"base_score":4.51085950651685,"endowment":4.51085950651685,"self_citation_contribution":0.6766289259775276,"citation_network_contribution":4.825702359415994,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6766289259775276,"citer_contribution":4.825702359415994,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":90,"citer_count":74,"citers_with_citation_signal":70,"citers_with_endowment":70,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":170045,"name":"S. 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