{"doi":"10.1111/add.70188","title":"Prevalence and characteristics of prenatal cannabis use in Michigan, USA: A statewide population‐based pregnancy cohort","abstract":"AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of prenatal cannabis use in Michigan, USA, using self-reports and urine toxicology and to examine factors associated with use. DESIGN: Observational study using data from the Michigan Archive for Research on Child Health (MARCH) cohort, part of the National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program. It is a prospective statewide pregnancy cohort recruited in 2017-2023 using births as a sampling frame. SETTING: A three-stage stratified cluster sample design that randomly selected hospitals, prenatal clinics and mothers across the lower peninsula of Michigan, where 97% of Michigan hospital births take place. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant individuals recruited at their first prenatal visit primarily from 20 clinics serving 11 hospitals. Of 1105 eligible pregnant participants, 1092 (98.8%) had information on cannabis use either from self-reports (n = 999), urine toxicology (n = 1028) or both (n = 945). Study participants had a median age of 29.3 years (interquartile range = 7.6). MEASUREMENTS: Cannabis use was self-reported by interviewer-administered phone surveys twice during pregnancy and further ascertained by measuring tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolites in up to two urine samples collected during pregnancy. The prevalence of cannabis use was estimated using sampling weights and clustering by sampled hospital to account for the complex survey design. FINDINGS: The weighted prevalence of prenatal cannabis use was 16.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.0%-25.7%] based on either self-report or urinalysis. Prevalence based on self-report alone was 12.3% (95% CI = 6.1%-18.6%) and from urinalysis alone was 13.3% (95% CI = 5.1%-21.6%). Adjusted for creatinine concentrations, levels of 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in positive samples ranged from 5.43 to 4694.89 ng/mg with a median of 122.00 ng/mg. Multivariate analysis revealed that participants who were single [adjusted prevalence rate ratio (aPRR) = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.15-3.78], had lower educational attainment (aPRR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.23-11.53 for some college education and aPRR = 3.15, 95% CI = 0.97-10.25 for high school education as compared with undergraduate education or above), reported symptoms of depression (aPRR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.19-2.48) and had a history of adverse childhood events (ACEs; aPRR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.21-3.45 for ACEs ≥ 3 and aPRR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.07-2.52 for 1-2 ACEs as compared to 0 ACEs) were more likely to use cannabis prenatally. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use is estimated to have occurred in one of six pregnancies in a population-based sample in Michigan, USA.","journal":"Addiction","year":2025,"id":534724,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":29.844511487584125,"corpus_rank":8690,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":1,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.802,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":406585,"name":"Jean M. Kerver","orcid":"0000-0001-5006-3622","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":509884,"name":"Omayma Alshaarawy","orcid":"0000-0002-5968-0245","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1065107,"name":"Kipling M. Bohnert","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342340,"name":"Michael R. Elliott","orcid":"0000-0003-4128-5527","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":471474,"name":"Hongxiang Qiu","orcid":"0000-0002-5207-1818","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1418382,"name":"Audriyana Jaber","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1418383,"name":"Harish Neelam","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":7713,"name":"Nigel Paneth","orcid":"0000-0002-0151-966X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":596758,"name":"Ban Al‐Sahab","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:52.019261Z","pmid":"40955057","pmcid":"PMC12710835","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":22.2222,"fair_a":18.75,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-1.1986,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":4.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":22.22,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not provide any persistent identifier (DOI, Handle, ARK, or repository accession) for its own dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository is named as the holder of the data; the only route is 'available upon request' from the authors.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Deidentified data is available upon request.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data-availability statement exists but points to a person rather than a repository record, matching Colavizza category 1. 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Samples screening positive on the Tecan Infinite M1000 plate reader (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland) underwent quantification by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific instruments, kits, and software versions used to produce and analyze the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Table 2 Maternal characteristics by prenatal cannabis use status in Michigan, 2017–2023.","grounded":true,"rationale":"Variable definitions are provided inside the article (Table 2) rather than in a separate documentation object shipped with the data. 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[majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not provide any persistent identifier (DOI, Handle, ARK, or repository accession) for its own dataset.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No repository is named as the holder of the data; the only route is 'available upon request' from the authors.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","dimension":"A","label":"Access route free of preconditions","action":"Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Deidentified data is available upon request.","why":"The only access route offered is a discretionary request to a person, which is not a followable route and does not state unconditional availability.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 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Archive the analysis code in a versioned repository (GitHub + a Zenodo release DOI).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The study's own code is not made available; no locator (URL, DOI, or package identifier) is given.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is provided to identify a specific snapshot of the data.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Deidentified data is available upon request.","why":"The data-availability statement exists but points to a person rather than a repository record, matching Colavizza category 1. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The MARCH data were collected from questionnaires, medical records, birth certificate data and biological samples during pregnancy.","why":"The dataset's content is described in running prose only, without an itemised inventory (section, table, or list of files/variables). 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[majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier (accession, DOI, RRID, assembly ID, or application number) is provided for any external resource the data depend on or derive from.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No statement is made about when the data become available or how long they persist.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For metabolomics data, deposit in MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the metabolomics repository accession (e.g. from MetaboLights (MTBLS accession) or Metabolomics Workbench) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T13:24:21.714222Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}