{"doi":"10.1111/add.15795","title":"A difference‐in‐difference approach to examining the impact of cannabis legalization on disparities in the use of cigarettes and cannabis in the United States, 2004–17","abstract":"AIMS: To estimate the impact of recreational and medical cannabis laws (RCL, MCL) on the use of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States. DESIGN: A difference-in-difference approach was applied to data from the 2004-17 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Americans aged 12 years and older (combined analytical sample for 2004-17, n = 783 663). MEASUREMENTS: Data on past-month use of (1) cigarettes and (2) cannabis were used to classify respondents into four groups: cigarette and cannabis co-use, cigarette-only use, cannabis-only use or no cigarette or cannabis use. State of residence was measured by self-report. MCL/RCL status came from state government websites. FINDINGS: Difference-in-difference analyses suggest that MCL was associated with an increase in cigarette-cannabis co-use overall [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.16], with the greatest increases among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.60; CI = 1.39-1.84), married (aOR = 1.19; CI = 1.07-1.31), non-Hispanic (NH) black (aOR = 1.14; CI = 1.02-1.07) and with a college degree or above (aOR = 1.15; CI = 1.06-1.24). MCL was associated with increases in cigarette-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.07; CI = 1.01-1.14) and NH black (aOR = 1.16; CI = 1.06-1.27) and increases in cannabis-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.07-1.44) and widowed/divorced/separated (aOR = 1.18; CI = 1.01-1.37). RCL was associated with an increase in cannabis-only use overall (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.09-1.34), a decline in cigarette-only use overall (aOR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.81-0.97) and increases in co-use among those who were married (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.02-1.50) and aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.37; CI = 1.03-1.84). CONCLUSIONS: Recreational and medical cannabis legalization have had a varying impact on the use, and co-use, of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States.","journal":"Addiction","year":2022,"id":239905,"datarank":1.7241660401044416,"base_score":3.8712010109078907,"endowment":3.8712010109078907,"self_citation_contribution":0.5806801516361837,"citation_network_contribution":1.143485888468258,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5806801516361837,"citer_contribution":1.143485888468258,"corpus_percentile":87.80846290709368,"corpus_rank":1577,"citation_count":47,"citer_count":42,"citers_with_citation_signal":31,"citers_with_endowment":31,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6188,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":314428,"name":"Katarzyna Wyka","orcid":"0000-0002-5699-2497","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228886,"name":"June H. Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-9973-2177","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":271890,"name":"Rosanna Smart","orcid":"0000-0002-1568-2097","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866390,"name":"Michael Mangold","orcid":"0000-0001-5813-670X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866913,"name":"Ellen Schanzer","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228887,"name":"Melody Wu","orcid":"0000-0002-7928-0126","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228884,"name":"Renée D. Goodwin","orcid":"0000-0003-1363-5729","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228885,"name":"Andrea H. Weinberger","orcid":"0000-0002-7065-1349","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":61,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:22:41.699779Z","pmid":"34985165","pmcid":"PMC12445298","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}