{"doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.13664","title":"Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Home‐Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by <scp>LC</scp>‐<scp>MS</scp>/<scp>MS</scp>","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Recently, medical examiners reported two cases of a 21‐year‐old male and 24‐year‐old male with high amounts of morphine in their blood at autopsy. It was suspected that the decedents ingested lethal amounts of morphine from home‐brewed poppy seed tea. No studies to date have investigated opium alkaloid content extracted from poppy seeds by home‐brewing methods. Various poppy seed products were purchased from online sources and extracted with four home‐brewing methods representative of recipes found on drug user forums. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine were quantified in the tea extracts by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry using a validated analytical method. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine concentrations from seeds were &lt;1–2788 mg/kg, &lt;1–247.6 mg/kg, and &lt;1–124 mg/kg, respectively. Alkaloid yield varied between extractions, but regardless of extraction conditions, lethal amounts of morphine can be rinsed from poppy seed coats by home‐brewing methods.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","year":2018,"id":677672,"datarank":0.6064576901751826,"base_score":4.04305126783455,"endowment":4.04305126783455,"self_citation_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":56,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1770647,"name":"Stephen Erickson","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":398205,"name":"Madeleine J. Swortwood","orcid":"0000-0001-9679-0219","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1063141,"name":"Deborah Powers","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Home‐Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by <scp>LC</scp>‐<scp>MS</scp>/<scp>MS</scp>","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Recently, medical examiners reported two cases of a 21‐year‐old male and 24‐year‐old male with high amounts of morphine in their blood at autopsy. It was suspected that the decedents ingested lethal amounts of morphine from home‐brewed poppy seed tea. No studies to date have investigated opium alkaloid content extracted from poppy seeds by home‐brewing methods. Various poppy seed products were purchased from online sources and extracted with four home‐brewing methods representative of recipes found on drug user forums. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine were quantified in the tea extracts by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry using a validated analytical method. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine concentrations from seeds were &lt;1–2788 mg/kg, &lt;1–247.6 mg/kg, and &lt;1–124 mg/kg, respectively. Alkaloid yield varied between extractions, but regardless of extraction conditions, lethal amounts of morphine can be rinsed from poppy seed coats by home‐brewing methods.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.04305126783455,"endowment":4.04305126783455,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"28973785","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2760832292","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":2.0802,"citation_percentile":0.86431994,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":6},{"year":2020,"count":9},{"year":2021,"count":8},{"year":2022,"count":6},{"year":2023,"count":8},{"year":2024,"count":9},{"year":2025,"count":5},{"year":2026,"count":4}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2F1556-4029.13664","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1556-4029.13664","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13664","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973785","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography","Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","Psychedelics and Drug Studies","Chromatography, Liquid","Codeine","Forensic Toxicology","Humans","Male","Morphine","Papaver","Seeds","Tandem Mass Spectrometry","Tea","Thebaine","Young Adult"],"mesh_terms":["Chromatography, Liquid","Codeine","Humans","Male","Morphine","Papaver","Seeds","Tea","Thebaine","Forensic Toxicology","Tandem Mass Spectrometry","Young Adult"],"keywords":["Thebaine","Codeine","Morphine","Poppy","Brewing","Opium Poppy","Opium","Papaver","Chemistry","Traditional medicine","Food science","Pharmacology","Medicine","Botany","Biology","Fermentation","forensic science","liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","Forensic Toxicology","Poppy Seed Tea"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-17T04:24:06.491423Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}