{"doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.12535","title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect plant tolerance and chemical defences to herbivory through different mechanisms","abstract":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content>) are ubiquitous plant symbionts that affect plant nutrient status, patterns of resource allocation and rates of plant growth. In addition, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> influence the expression of plant defence, which may affect subsequent interactions between plants and higher trophic levels. Tolerance to herbivory and chemical defence represent two distinct defence strategies of plants, and there is accumulating evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> can influence each strategy separately. However, investigations on the simultaneous effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> on tolerance and chemical defence mechanisms are lacking.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using six milkweed (Asclepias) species and three levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> inoculum, we show that plant tolerance to herbivory increases with foliar P concentrations, while both foliar cardenolide concentration and latex exudation (major chemical defences in milkweeds) increase with foliar N concentrations, but decrease with plant growth rate. Additionally, foliar cardenolide concentration increases with foliar P concentration, and latex exudation increases with root biomass. Because <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> have significant effects on all of these traits (foliar N and P concentrations, root biomass and growth rate), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> can change plant tolerance and chemical defence simultaneously, albeit through different mechanisms.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Synthesis</jats:italic>. Overall, plant tolerance and chemical defence to herbivores are affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> through changes in basic plant physiology such as nutrient status, allocation patterns and growth rate, and our study suggests that it may be possible to predict effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> on plant defences through these simple traits.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n</jats:list>\n</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Ecology","year":2016,"id":595914,"datarank":0.7009243251692859,"base_score":4.672828834461906,"endowment":4.672828834461906,"self_citation_contribution":0.7009243251692859,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7009243251692859,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":106,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1526152,"name":"Aamina Ahmad","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347136,"name":"Jacobus C. de Roode","orcid":"0000-0002-8423-8918","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1526153,"name":"Mark D. Hunter","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1526151,"name":"Leiling Tao","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect plant tolerance and chemical defences to herbivory through different mechanisms","abstract":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content>) are ubiquitous plant symbionts that affect plant nutrient status, patterns of resource allocation and rates of plant growth. In addition, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> influence the expression of plant defence, which may affect subsequent interactions between plants and higher trophic levels. Tolerance to herbivory and chemical defence represent two distinct defence strategies of plants, and there is accumulating evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> can influence each strategy separately. However, investigations on the simultaneous effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> on tolerance and chemical defence mechanisms are lacking.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using six milkweed (Asclepias) species and three levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> inoculum, we show that plant tolerance to herbivory increases with foliar P concentrations, while both foliar cardenolide concentration and latex exudation (major chemical defences in milkweeds) increase with foliar N concentrations, but decrease with plant growth rate. Additionally, foliar cardenolide concentration increases with foliar P concentration, and latex exudation increases with root biomass. Because <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> have significant effects on all of these traits (foliar N and P concentrations, root biomass and growth rate), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> can change plant tolerance and chemical defence simultaneously, albeit through different mechanisms.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Synthesis</jats:italic>. Overall, plant tolerance and chemical defence to herbivores are affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> through changes in basic plant physiology such as nutrient status, allocation patterns and growth rate, and our study suggests that it may be possible to predict effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMF</jats:styled-content> on plant defences through these simple traits.</jats:p></jats:list-item>\n</jats:list>\n</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.672828834461906,"endowment":4.672828834461906,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"21097893","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2254512577","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Science Foundation","grant_id":"DEB‐1257160","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Science Foundation","grant_id":"DEB‐1256115","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":13.9836,"citation_percentile":0.98748475,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2016,"count":4},{"year":2017,"count":14},{"year":2018,"count":10},{"year":2019,"count":10},{"year":2020,"count":10},{"year":2021,"count":11},{"year":2022,"count":9},{"year":2023,"count":10},{"year":2024,"count":12},{"year":2025,"count":8},{"year":2026,"count":6}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2F1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/chorus/v1/articles/10.1111%2F1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12535","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","Fungal Biology and Applications","Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Biology","Herbivore","Chemical defense","Nutrient","Biomass (ecology)","Cardenolide","Botany","Symbiosis","Plant tolerance to herbivory","Plant physiology","Plant defense against herbivory","Trophic level","Defence mechanisms","Agronomy","Ecology","Bacteria"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-27T18:04:01.131470Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}