{"doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2022.3167726","title":"High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging With Sub-Nyquist Sampling","abstract":"Implementation of a high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) beamformer is computationally challenging because of its high sampling rate. This article introduces an efficient beamformer with sub-Nyquist sampling (or bandpass sampling) that is suitable for HFUS imaging. Our approach used channel radio frequency data sampled at bandpass sampling rate (i.e., 4/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$3\\textbf {f}_{\\textbf {c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and postfiltering-based interpolation to reduce the computational complexity. A polyphase structure for interpolation was used to further reduce the computational burden while maintaining an adequate delay resolution ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol {\\delta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). The performance of the proposed beamformer (i.e., 4/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$3\\textbf {f}_{\\textbf {c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sampling with sixfold interpolation, <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol {\\delta } = 8\\textbf {f}_{\\textbf {c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) was compared with that of the conventional method (i.e., <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$4\\textbf {f}_{\\textbf {c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sampling with fourfold interpolation, <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol {\\delta }= 16\\textbf {f}_{\\textbf {c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). Ultrafast coherent compounding imaging was used in simulation, <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vitro</i> and <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vivo</i> imaging experiments. Axial/lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were measured for quantitative evaluation. The number of transmit pulse cycles was varied from 1 to 3 using two transducers with different fractional bandwidths (67% and 98%). In the simulation, the proposed and conventional methods showed the similar −6-dB axial beam widths (63.5 and <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$61.5~ \\boldsymbol {\\mu }\\textbf {m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , respectively) from the two-cycle transmit pulse using the transducer with a bandwidth of 67%. <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">In vitro</i> and <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vivo</i> imaging experiments were performed using a Verasonics ultrasound research platform equipped with a high-frequency array transducer (20–46 MHz). The <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vitro</i> imaging results using a wire target showed consistent results with the simulation study (i.e., disparity <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$&lt; 5~ \\boldsymbol {\\mu }\\textbf {m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at −6-dB axial resolution). The <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vivo</i> feasibility study with a murine mouse model with breast cancer was also performed, and the proposed method yielded a similar image quality compare","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","year":2022,"id":263035,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9595,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":404847,"name":"Heechul Yoon","orcid":"0000-0002-9328-5900","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":369244,"name":"Changhan Yoon","orcid":"0000-0002-6573-2582","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":382933,"name":"Stanislav Emelianov","orcid":"0000-0002-7098-133X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":831441,"name":"Jinbum Kang","orcid":"0000-0003-3851-742X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":37,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:26:29.321923Z","pmid":"35436190","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}