{"doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2021.3103409","title":"Dual-Frequency Intravascular Sonothrombolysis: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study","abstract":"Thrombo-occlusive disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There has been active research on safe and effective thrombolysis in preclinical and clinical studies. Recently, the dual-frequency transcutaneous sonothrombolysis with contrast agents [microbubbles (MBs)] has been reported to be more efficient in trigging the acoustic cavitation, which leads to a higher lysis rate. Therefore, there is increasing interest in applying dual-frequency technique for more significant efficacy improvement in intravascular sonothrombolysis since a miniaturized intravascular ultrasound transducer typically has a limited power output to fully harness cavitation effects. In this work, we demonstrated this efficacy enhancement by developing a new broadband intravascular transducer and testing dual-frequency sonothromblysis <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vitro</i> . A broadband intravascular transducer with a center frequency of 750 kHz and a footprint size of 1.4 mm was designed, fabricated, and characterized. The measured −6-dB fractional bandwidth is 68.1%, and the peak negative pressure is 1.5 MPa under the driving voltage of 80 V <sub xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">pp</sub> . By keeping one frequency component at 750 kHz, the second frequency component was selected from 450 to 650 kHz with an interval of 50 kHz. The <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vitro</i> sonothrombolysis tests were conducted with a flow model and the results indicated that the MB-mediated, dual-frequency (750+500 kHz) sonothrombolysis yields an 85% higher lysis rate compared with the single-frequency treatment, and the lysis rate of dual-frequency sonothrombolysis increases with the difference between the two frequency components. These findings suggest a dual-frequency excitation technique for more efficient intravascular sonothrombolysis than conventional single-frequency excitation","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","year":2021,"id":166346,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.952,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":325195,"name":"Leela Goel","orcid":"0000-0002-5210-4579","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":502783,"name":"Howuk Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-4878-0486","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":502784,"name":"Bohua Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-9329-0507","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":348380,"name":"Jinwook Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-2072-3922","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292645,"name":"Paul A. Dayton","orcid":"0000-0002-5757-6911","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":326714,"name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":"0000-0003-0262-3044","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325196,"name":"Xiaoning Jiang","orcid":"0000-0003-3605-3801","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":502782,"name":"Huaiyu Wu","orcid":"0000-0003-2616-1171","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":38,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:45.220559Z","pmid":"34370663","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}