{"doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2020.3007808","title":"Correction for Hydrophone Spatial Averaging Artifacts for Circular Sources","abstract":"This article reports an investigation of an inverse-filter method to correct for experimental underestimation of pressure due to spatial averaging across a hydrophone sensitive element. The spatial averaging filter (SAF) depends on hydrophone type (membrane, needle, or fiber-optic), hydrophone geometrical sensitive element diameter, transducer driving frequency, and transducer F number (ratio of focal length to diameter). The absolute difference between theoretical and experimental SAFs for 25 transducer/hydrophonepairs was 7% ± 3% (mean ± standard deviation). Empirical formulas based on SAFs are provided to enable researchers to easily correct for hydrophone spatial averaging errors in peak compressional pressure (ρ <sub xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">c</sub> ), peak rarefactional pressure (ρ <sub xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">r</sub> ), and pulse intensity integral. The empirical formulas show, for example, that if a 3-MHz, F/2 transducer is driven to moderate nonlinear distortion and measured at the focal point with a 500-μm membrane hydrophone, then spatial averaging errors are approximately 16% (ρ <sub xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">c</sub> ), 12% (ρ <sub xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">r</sub> ), and 24% (pulse intensity integral). The formulas are based on circulartransducersbut also provide plausible upper bounds for spatial averaging errors for transducers with rectangular-transmit apertures, such as linear and phased arrays.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","year":2020,"id":119633,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":17,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9596,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":507035,"name":"Anant Shah","orcid":"0000-0002-9470-0520","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":507037,"name":"Christian Baker","orcid":"0000-0001-6200-9201","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":432667,"name":"Keith A. Wear","orcid":"0000-0003-0318-4821","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":103,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:13.002105Z","pmid":"32746206","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}