{"doi":"10.1109/tim.2023.3328091","title":"Compact FPGA-Based Data Acquisition System for a High-Channel, High-Count-Rate TOF-PET Insert for Brain PET/MRI","abstract":"With the development of advanced positron emission tomography (PET) systems, processing a large number of channels in real-time has become common, particularly for applications with one-to-one coupled crystals and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). In this study, we present the design and evaluation of a data acquisition (DAQ) system for a radio frequency (RF)-penetrable time-of-flight (TOF)-PET brain-dedicated insert featuring lutetium–yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystals that are one-to-one coupled to SiPMs. Each detector module comprises 768 crystal–SiPM channels, and the PET insert ring consists of 16 such modules. Achieving real-time processing of 12288 crystal–SiPM channels with a designed maximum 20 kcps singles count rate per channel in a compact design is a significant challenge. We developed a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based DAQ system based on a commercial evaluation board and characterized its performance for the full PET ring. Our results demonstrate an energy resolution of 11.99 ± 0.01% FWHM and a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 240.5 ± 0.3 ps FWHM with online DAQ processing. Furthermore, all the parameters, including energy resolution, CTR, coincidence count rate, and random count rate, change by less than 5% compared with an offline algorithm that has access to unlimited resources and no deadtime requirements. A high-dose fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) experiment showcases the DAQ’s high-throughput capability, which can handle up to 5.3 mCi in the field of view with no measurable saturation. Our study demonstrates the capability of our DAQ system for handling a high number of channels and high count rate, and it suggests its potential for this and other PET system applications.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","year":2023,"id":375862,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9582,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":558610,"name":"Salar Sajedi","orcid":"0000-0003-1848-9687","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1138377,"name":"Ke Cui","orcid":"0000-0002-3699-5949","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490894,"name":"Craig S. Levin","orcid":"0000-0002-4575-5074","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":557675,"name":"Qian Dong","orcid":"0000-0002-4250-7788","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":33,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:23.381203Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}