{"doi":"10.1109/tbme.2024.3466550","title":"A Transmit-Receive Phased Array for Microbubble-Mediated Focused Ultrasound Brain Therapy in Small Animals","abstract":"Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with circulating microbubbles (MBs) can be employed for non-invasive, localized agent delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of clinical-scale transmit-receive phased arrays for performing transcranial therapies under MB imaging feedback. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to design, construct, and evaluate a dual-mode phased array for MB-mediated FUS brain therapy in small animals. METHODS: = 1.16 MHz) and 128 broadband PVDF receivers within a 3D-printed scaffold. RESULTS: The transmit array's focal size at the geometric focus was 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm × 1.7 mm, with a 31 mm/27 mm (lateral/axial) steering range. The receive array's point spread function was 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm × 1.5 mm (1.16 MHz source) at the geometric focus, and sources were localized up to 30 mm/16 mm (lateral/axial) from geometric focus. The array was able to spatially map MB cloud activity in 3D throughout a vessel-mimicking phantom at sub-, ultra-, and second-harmonic frequencies. Preliminary in-vivo work demonstrated its ability to induce localized BBB permeability changes under 3D sub-harmonic MB imaging feedback in a mouse model. CONCLUSION: Small form factor transmit-receive phased arrays enable acoustic imaging-controlled FUS and MB-mediated brain therapies with high targeting precision required for rodent studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Dual-mode phased arrays dedicated for small animal use will facilitate high-throughput studies of FUS-mediated BBB permeability enhancement to explore novel therapeutic strategies for future clinical application.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","year":2024,"id":481538,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9489,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":320585,"name":"Dallan McMahon","orcid":"0000-0002-2493-169X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":663511,"name":"Ryan M. Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-1541-4110","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":232451,"name":"Kullervo Hynynen","orcid":"0000-0001-6219-2982","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1321559,"name":"Yi Lin","orcid":"0000-0001-6580-8033","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":80,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:07:10.067421Z","pmid":"39312435","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}