{"doi":"10.1109/tbme.2021.3096462","title":"Objective Scoring of Physiologically Induced Dyspnea by Non-Invasive RF Sensors","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Dyspnea, also known as the patient's feeling of difficult or labored breathing, is one of the most common symptoms for respiratory disorders. Dyspnea is usually self-reported by patients using, for example, the Borg scale from 0 - 10, which is however subjective and problematic for those who refuse to cooperate or cannot communicate. The objective of this paper was to develop a learning-based model that can evaluate the correlation between the self-report Borg score and the respiratory metrics for dyspnea induced by exertion and increased airway resistance. METHODS: A non-invasive wearable radio-frequency sensor by near-field coherent sensing was employed to retrieve continuous respiratory data with user comfort and convenience. Self-report dyspnea scores and respiratory features were collected on 32 healthy participants going through various physical and breathing exercises. A machine learning model based on the decision tree and random forest then produced an objective dyspnea score. RESULTS: For unseen data as well as unseen participants, the objective dyspnea score can be in reasonable agreement with the self-report score, and the importance factor of each respiratory metrics can be assessed. CONCLUSION: An objective dyspnea score can potentially complement or substitute the self-report for physiologically induced dyspnea. SIGNIFICANCE: The method can potentially formulate a baseline for clinical dyspnea assessment and help caregivers track dyspnea continuously, especially for patients who cannot report themselves.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","year":2021,"id":189247,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9588,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":414038,"name":"Pragya Sharma","orcid":"0000-0003-2750-0147","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751361,"name":"Thomas B. Conroy","orcid":"0000-0003-4930-2248","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376517,"name":"Veerawat Phongtankuel","orcid":"0000-0002-7488-1264","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414040,"name":"Edwin C. Kan","orcid":"0000-0002-4733-4206","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414037,"name":"Zijing Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-7647-5112","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:14.547082Z","pmid":"34255624","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}