{"doi":"10.1109/tbme.2021.3092291","title":"Measuring Orthopedic Plate Strain to Track Bone Healing Using a Fluidic Sensor Read via Plain Radiography","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: We describe a fluidic X-ray visualized strain indicator under applied load (X-VISUAL) to quantify orthopedic plate strain and inform rehabilitative care. METHODS: The sensor comprises a polymeric device with a fluidic reservoir filled with a radio-dense fluid (cesium acetate) and an adjoining capillary wherein the liquid level is measured. A stainless-steel lever attaches to the plate and presses upon the acrylic bulb with a displacement proportional to plate bending strain. The sensor was attached to a plate in a Sawbones composite tibia mimic and a human cadaveric tibia. An osteotomy model (5 mm gap) was used to simulate an unstable fracture, and allograft repair to simulate a stiffer healed fracture. The cadaveric and Sawbones tibia were cyclically loaded five times (0-400 N) using a mechanical test stand, and fluid displacement was measured from plain radiographs. RESULTS: The sensor displayed reversible and repeatable behavior with a slope of 0.096 mm/kg and fluid level noise of 50-80 micrometer (equivalent to 5-10 N). The allograft-repaired composite fracture was 13 times stiffer than the unstable fracture. CONCLUSION: of the initial bending for an unstable fracture. The precision of our device (<2% body weight) should thus be sufficient to track fracture healing from unstable through safe weight bearing. SIGNIFICANCE: The X-VISUAL fluidic sensor enables orthopedic plate strain quantification to monitor facture healing via X-ray imaging.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","year":2021,"id":192025,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":12,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9576,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":575983,"name":"Md. Arifuzzaman","orcid":"0000-0002-3041-7320","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":575984,"name":"Paul W. Millhouse","orcid":"0000-0002-8007-9876","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":575985,"name":"Thomas B. Pace","orcid":"0000-0003-0123-3474","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":575986,"name":"Caleb Behrend","orcid":"0000-0002-0409-7298","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":520714,"name":"John D. DesJardins","orcid":"0000-0001-5850-5122","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572859,"name":"Jeffrey N. Anker","orcid":"0000-0002-9544-2367","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572857,"name":"Apeksha C. Rajamanthrilage","orcid":"0000-0002-9762-5917","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:39.281850Z","pmid":"34181532","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}