{"doi":"10.1109/tbme.2020.3040161","title":"Low-Profile Induced-Voltage Distance Ranger for Smart Contact Lenses","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we present a novel, low-profile, scleral-coil based, distance ranging system which is suitable for smart, accommodating contact lenses. METHODS: We measure the induced emf between a set of four thin semi-circular coils patterned on flexible Kapton substrates that conform to the eyes' sclera. This induced emf is a function of eye gaze angles. The system then determines the distance from the eyes to the desired object via the triangulation of these eye gaze angles Results: Experiments on eyeball simulated tissue gels indicate an accurate prediction of object distance in the 0.1-15 D range with a 0.15 D RMS error and object direction in the -15 to 15-degree arc with 0.4-degree RMS error, respectively. The energy required was determined to be as low as 20 μJ per range reading. CONCLUSION: Experimental data shows that our proposed new method of eye-tracking and distance ranging system can accurately predict eye-gaze angles and object-distance, whilst using only 20 μJ per range reading. SIGNIFICANCE: The high-accuracy, low-profile and reduced energy requirements of the proposed eye-tracking technique, make it suitable for applications in the vast field of adaptive optics such as smart contact lenses and other low-power vision corrective applications.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","year":2020,"id":70751,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":19,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.955,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":375355,"name":"Alex Mastrangelo","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374223,"name":"Mohit U. Karkhanis","orcid":"0000-0002-4441-2969","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374224,"name":"Adwait Deshpande","orcid":"0000-0002-2718-7691","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374225,"name":"Aishwaryadev Banerjee","orcid":"0000-0002-4092-7471","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374226,"name":"Hanseup Kim","orcid":"0000-0001-6576-5125","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374227,"name":"Carlos H. Mastrangelo","orcid":"0000-0002-2039-4698","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374222,"name":"Chayanjit Ghosh","orcid":"0000-0002-5897-6933","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":37,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:43:32.585486Z","pmid":"33232221","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}