{"doi":"10.1109/tbcas.2024.3468374","title":"A Miniature Batteryless Bioelectronic Implant Using One Magnetoelectric Transducer for Wireless Powering and PWM Backscatter Communication","abstract":"Wireless minimally invasive bioelectronic implants enable a wide range of applications in healthcare, medicine, and scientific research. Magnetoelectric (ME) wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a promising approach for powering miniature bio-implants because of its remarkable efficiency, safety limit, and misalignment tolerance. However, achieving low-power and high-quality uplink communication using ME remains a challenge. This paper presents a pulse-width modulated (PWM) ME backscatter uplink communication enabled by a switched-capacitor energy extraction (SCEE) technique. The SCEE rapidly extracts and dissipates the kinetic energy within the ME transducer during its ringdown period, enabling time-domain PWM in ME backscatter. Various circuit techniques are presented to realize SCEE with low power consumption. This paper also describes the high-order modeling of ME transducers to facilitate the design and analysis, which shows good matching with measurement. Our prototyping system includes a millimeter-scale ME implant with a fully integrated system-on-chip (SoC) and a portable transceiver for power transfer and bidirectional communication. SCEE is proven to induce <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$&gt;$</tex-math></inline-formula> 50% amplitude reduction within 2 ME cycles, leading to a PWM ME backscatter uplink with 17.73 kbps data rate and 0.9 pJ/bit efficiency. It also achieves 8.5<inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>10<sup xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-5</sup> bit-error-rate (BER) at a 5 cm distance, using a lightweight multi-layer-perception (MLP) decoding algorithm. Finally, the system demonstrates continuous wireless neural local-field potential (LFP) recording in an <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in vitro</i> setup.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","year":2024,"id":447546,"datarank":0.37600113395647533,"base_score":2.3978952727983707,"endowment":2.3978952727983707,"self_citation_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citation_network_contribution":0.016316843036719632,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citer_contribution":0.016316843036719632,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":10,"citer_count":8,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9523,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1226095,"name":"Yiwei Zou","orcid":"0009-0008-2949-5672","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1265611,"name":"Huan-Cheng Liao","orcid":"0009-0002-0054-9477","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":670745,"name":"Fatima Alrashdan","orcid":"0000-0001-7605-1056","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1265612,"name":"Ziyuan Wen","orcid":"0000-0002-7081-0725","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306027,"name":"Joshua Woods","orcid":"0000-0001-5069-4678","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1226094,"name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"0009-0007-4555-564X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":34016,"name":"Jacob T. Robinson","orcid":"0000-0002-3509-3054","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":311910,"name":"Kaiyuan Yang","orcid":"0000-0001-7220-9389","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":311909,"name":"Zhanghao Yu","orcid":"0000-0001-7491-978X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:02:03.354708Z","pmid":"39321009","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}