{"doi":"10.1109/tbcas.2024.3368068","title":"A Low-Noise Low-Power 0.001Hz–1kHz Neural Recording System-on-Chip With Sample-Level Duty-Cycling","abstract":"Advances in brain-machine interfaces and wearable biomedical sensors for healthcare and human-computer interactions call for precision electrophysiology to resolve a variety of biopotential signals across the body that cover a wide range of frequencies, from the mHz-range electrogastrogram (EGG) to the kHz-range electroneurogram (ENG). Existing integrated wearable solutions for minimally invasive biopotential recordings are limited in detection range and accuracy due to trade-offs in bandwidth, noise, input impedance, and power consumption. This article presents a 16-channel wide-band ultra-low-noise neural recording system-on-chip (SoC) fabricated in 65nm CMOS for chronic use in mobile healthcare settings that spans a bandwidth of 0.001 Hz to 1 kHz through a featured sample-level duty-cycling (SLDC) mode. Each recording channel is implemented by a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) achieving 1.0 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> V <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${}_{rms}$</tex-math></inline-formula> input-referred noise over 1Hz–1kHz bandwidth with a Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 2.93 in continuous operation mode. In SLDC mode, the power supply is duty-cycled while maintaining consistently low input-referred noise levels at ultra-low frequencies (1.1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> V <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${}_{rms}$</tex-math></inline-formula> over 0.001Hz–1Hz) and 435 M <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> input impedance. The functionalities of the proposed SoC are validated with two human electrophysiology applications: recording low-amplitude electroencephalogram (EEG) through electrodes fixated on the forehead to monitor brain waves, and ultra-slow-wave electrogastrogram (EGG) through electrodes fixated on the abdomen to monitor digestion.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","year":2024,"id":455411,"datarank":0.31191623125197543,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"self_citation_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9412,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1279223,"name":"Abraham Akinin","orcid":"0000-0002-6761-8425","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1279224,"name":"Jonathan Somayajulu","orcid":"0009-0006-3479-2597","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":869002,"name":"Min Suk Lee","orcid":"0009-0006-3480-6370","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":869003,"name":"Akshay Paul","orcid":"0000-0003-3434-5456","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1279225,"name":"Hongyu Lu","orcid":"0000-0001-6780-2030","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1279226,"name":"Yongjae Park","orcid":"0000-0002-6093-9330","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1279227,"name":"Seong‐Jin Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-9353-5148","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1213205,"name":"Patrick P. Mercier","orcid":"0000-0003-1488-5076","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":752334,"name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","orcid":"0000-0002-3166-5529","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1279222,"name":"Jiajia Wu","orcid":"0009-0006-6017-037X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":31,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:03:17.458329Z","pmid":"38408002","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}