{"doi":"10.1109/tbcas.2023.3286348","title":"Wireless, Multi-Sensor System-on-Chip for pH and Amperometry Powered by Body Heat","abstract":"This article presents a body-heat-powered, multi-sensor SoC for measurement of chemical and biological sensors. Our approach combines analog front-end sensor interfaces for voltage- (V-to-I) and current-mode (potentiostat) sensors with a relaxation oscillator (RxO) readout scheme targeting <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\ll$</tex-math></inline-formula> 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> W power consumption. The design was implemented as a complete sensor readout system-on-chip, including a low-voltage energy harvester compatible with thermoelectric generation and a near-field wireless transmitter. A prototype IC was fabricated in a 0.18 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> m CMOS process as a proof-of-concept. As measured, full-range pH measurement consumes 2.2 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> W at maximum, where the RxO consumes 0.7 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> W and measured linearity of the readout circuit demonstrates R <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$&gt; $</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.999. Glucose measurement is also demonstrated using an on-chip potentiostat circuit as the input of the RxO, with a readout power consumption as low as 1.4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> W. As a final proof-of-principle, both pH and glucose measurement are demonstrated while powering from body heat using a centimeter-scale thermoelectric generator on the skin surface, and pH measurement is further demonstrated with an on-chip transmitter for wireless data transmission. Long-term, the presented approach may enable a variety of biological, electrochemical, and physical sensor readout schemes with microwatt operation for batteryless and power autonomous sensor systems.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","year":2023,"id":344525,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9567,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1068746,"name":"Siyuan Yu","orcid":"0000-0001-5990-3499","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289549,"name":"Soumya Bose","orcid":"0000-0002-6704-9138","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":943703,"name":"Jacob M. Cook","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1068747,"name":"Jaehyeong Park","orcid":"0000-0002-4835-5834","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289551,"name":"Matthew L. Johnston","orcid":"0000-0001-8472-9437","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":988331,"name":"Tzu-Hsuan Chou","orcid":"0009-0001-8142-8425","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:11:30.951510Z","pmid":"37318975","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}