{"doi":"10.1109/tbcas.2020.3008513","title":"Fully Integrated Time-Gated 3D Fluorescence Imager for Deep Neural Imaging","abstract":"This paper presents a device for time-gated fluorescence imaging in the deep brain, consisting of two on-chip laser diodes and 512 single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The edge-emitting laser diodes deliver fluorescence excitation above the SPAD array, parallel to the imager. In the time domain, laser diode illumination is pulsed and the SPAD is time-gated, allowing a fluorescence excitation rejection up to O.D. 3 at 1 ns of time-gate delay. Each SPAD pixel is masked with Talbot gratings to enable the mapping of 2D array photon counts into a 3D image. The 3D image achieves a resolution of 40, 35, and 73 μm in the x, y, and z directions, respectively, in a noiseless environment, with a maximum frame rate of 50 kilo-frames-per-second. We present measurement results of the spatial and temporal profiles of the dual-pulsed laser diode illumination and of the photon detection characteristics of the SPAD array. Finally, we show the imager's ability to resolve a glass micropipette filled with red fluorescent microspheres. The system's 420 μm-wide cross section allows it to be inserted at arbitrary depths of the brain while achieving a field of view four times larger than fiber endoscopes of equal diameter.","journal":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","year":2020,"id":105569,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":23,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9575,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":510482,"name":"Adriaan J. Taal","orcid":"0000-0002-1649-2826","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":510483,"name":"William Meng","orcid":"0000-0002-3318-290X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":510484,"name":"Eric H. Pollmann","orcid":"0000-0001-5118-5031","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":510485,"name":"John W. Stanton","orcid":"0000-0001-9790-1240","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310893,"name":"Changhyuk Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-1108-6327","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":510486,"name":"Sajjad Moazeni","orcid":"0000-0003-1819-0714","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310889,"name":"Laurent Moreaux","orcid":"0000-0003-1276-5062","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":68801,"name":"M. L. Roukes","orcid":"0000-0002-2916-6026","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55282,"name":"Kenneth L. Shepard","orcid":"0000-0003-0665-6775","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310892,"name":"Jaebin Choi","orcid":"0000-0002-8348-7701","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":34,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:12:17.683386Z","pmid":"32746353","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}