{"doi":"10.1109/jssc.2024.3382933","title":"Monolithic Electronic–Biophotonic System-on-Chip for Label-Free Real-Time Molecular Sensing","abstract":"Label-free miniaturized optical sensors can have a tremendous impact on highly sensitive and scalable point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics by monitoring real-time molecular interactions without any labels. However, current biophotonic platforms are limited by complex optical and external readout equipment, precluding their use in a PoC setting. In this work, we address this challenge by developing a first-of-its-kind fully integrated electronic–photonic label-free molecular sensor utilizing microring resonators (MRRs) co-integrated with on-chip electronics in a high-volume advanced electronic process. In particular, we present an arrayed electronic–photonic system-on-chip (EPSoC) in GlobalFoundries (GF) 45-nm RFSOI with 60 5- <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu$</tex-math> </inline-formula> m radius MRRs connected to on-chip receivers, approaching an idealized limit of detection (LoD) equivalent to a single 140-nm viral particle. To further enhance the LoD, we propose a dual-ring phase-based sensing architecture, boosting the system’s sensitivity by 3.7 <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> compared to our previously reported intensity-based single MRR scheme. An integrated heater embedded in the design of the ring and an on-chip controller locks the ring’s resonance at the desired point of operation, eliminating the need for a tunable laser. The inherent intrinsic limitations of MRRs due to ambient temperature variations are addressed with an on-chip differential scheme using sensing and reference rings to cancel common mode errors. We demonstrate the sensing capabilities of the EPSoC by monitoring in real-time binding events of bovine serum albumin (BSA), anti-BSA molecules, and streptavidin-coated nanoparticles, unlocking the door toward self-contained fully integrated lab-on-chip (LoC) photonic sensors for PoC applications.","journal":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","year":2024,"id":478620,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.948,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1317393,"name":"Hyeong‐Seok Oh","orcid":"0009-0009-6691-6410","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":726292,"name":"Sidney Buchbinder","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":725423,"name":"Panagiotis Zarkos","orcid":"0000-0001-6600-3923","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":725424,"name":"Pavan Bhargava","orcid":"0000-0001-7347-0458","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501243,"name":"Asmaysinh Gharia","orcid":"0000-0003-0805-4145","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501244,"name":"Ali M. Niknejad","orcid":"0000-0002-9246-9791","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501246,"name":"Mekhail Anwar","orcid":"0000-0002-6650-2594","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501245,"name":"Vladimir Stojanović","orcid":"0000-0001-7233-6863","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501242,"name":"Christos Adamopoulos","orcid":"0000-0003-3074-496X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:46.330532Z","pmid":"40963710","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}