{"doi":"10.1109/ius54386.2022.9958763","title":"Adaptive Photoacoustic Beamforming Algorithms for Blood Oxygen Saturation Estimation","abstract":"Adaptive photoacoustic beamforming algorithms have provided significant improvement in image quality when compared to conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm. One of the key application areas of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is the non-invasive estimation of blood oxygen saturation <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathbf{sO}_{\\boldsymbol{2}})$</tex> through multi-wavelength imaging using adaptive beamforming. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the performance of adaptive PAI beamforming algorithms in the context of blood <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{sO}_{\\boldsymbol{2}}$</tex> estimation. Analysis involved a hybrid simulation method to simulate diffuse lesion and microvasculature phantoms and comparison among eight beamforming algorithms [Delay-and-sum (DAS), minimum variance (MV), DAS and MV with coherence weighting (DAS <inf xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">CF</inf> and <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{MV}_{\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{F}}$</tex> , filtered delay-multiply-and-sum (F-DMAS), signed DMAS (S-DMAS), photoacoustic sub-aperture processing with DAS and MV <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathbf{PSAP}_{\\mathbf{D}\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{S}}$</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{PSAP}_{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{V}})]$</tex> . Quantitative results demonstrated that DAS and MV had lower mean absolute error (MAE) compared to other methods (For microvasculature: median MAE (%) for <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{DAS}\\boldsymbol{=0.16,} \\mathbf{MV}\\boldsymbol{=0.16,} \\mathbf{DAS}_{\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{F}}\\boldsymbol{=0.25,} \\mathbf{MV}_{\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{F}}\\boldsymbol{=0.25,} \\mathbf{F-DMAS}\\boldsymbol{=0.22,}$</tex> S <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{DMAS}\\boldsymbol{=0.22,}\\ \\mathbf{PSAP}_{\\mathbf{D}\\mathbf{A}}\\mathbf{s}\\boldsymbol{=0.25,}\\ \\mathbf{PSAP}_{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{V}}\\boldsymbol{=0.25).}$</tex> Therefore, careful attention must be taken while evaluating adaptive beamforming algorithms for <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{sO}_{\\boldsymbol{2}}$</tex> estimation using multi-wavelength PAI.","journal":"2022 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)","year":2022,"id":313411,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9579,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":399127,"name":"Tomy Varghese","orcid":"0000-0003-3299-9130","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":399126,"name":"Rashid Al Mukaddim","orcid":"0000-0001-7042-7163","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":19,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:33:44.454239Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}