{"doi":"10.1109/ius46767.2020.9251559","title":"High Volume Rate 3D Ultrasound Imaging Using Fast-Tilting Reflectors","abstract":"3-D ultrasound imaging is essential for accurate measurement of volumes, proper interpretation of anatomy, and guiding interventional procedures in the clinic. Furthermore, 3-D ultrasound imaging with a high volume rate is critical for advancing emerging techniques such as elastography, blood flow imaging, functional ultrasound (fUS) and super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy from 2-D to 3-D. However, current 3-D ultrasound techniques are burdened by the low imaging volume rate of methods based on 1-D arrays, and the high fabrication and computational costs of 2-D arrays. Although some of the drawbacks can be mitigated by techniques such as row-column-addressing arrays, sparse arrays, and micro-beamforming, a viable solution that provides high imaging quality, low-cost, and high volume rates remains elusive. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel 3-D ultrasound imaging technique: Fast Acoustic Steering via Tilting Electromechanical Reflectors (FASTER). FASTER uses a water-immersible and fast-tilting microfabricated electromechanical mirror to steer ultrafast plane waves in the elevational direction to achieve large field-of-view (FOV) 3-D imaging at a high volume rate with conventional 1-D transducers. A wire phantom study using a 15 MHz transducer demonstrated that FASTER could provide spatially accurate 3-D images (48 degree or 20 mm range at 25 mm depth in the elevational direction) with a 500 Hz imaging volume rate, which has comparable imaging resolution with conventional 3-D imaging based on the mechanical translation of the 1-D transducers. A tissue-mimicking phantom study shows that FASTER provides a comparable contrast level with mechanical translation-based 3-D imaging. FASTER offers a unique solution providing high imaging volume rates, large FOVs, and low-cost 3-D imaging that can be conveniently implemented on existing clinical systems with few hardware or software modifications.","journal":null,"year":2020,"id":131539,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9628,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":424294,"name":"Shuangliang Li","orcid":"0000-0002-1786-8733","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253783,"name":"Matthew R. Lowerison","orcid":"0000-0002-1125-4554","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":424296,"name":"Jun Zou","orcid":"0000-0002-9543-6135","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253790,"name":"Pengfei Song","orcid":"0000-0002-9103-6345","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":424293,"name":"Zhijie Dong","orcid":"0000-0001-8098-7789","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":24,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:16:03.875886Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}