{"doi":"10.1109/esserc66193.2025.11214042","title":"Luminescence-Based Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Sensor IC Using Dual-Lifetime Referencing","abstract":"This work presents a first-of-its-kind integrated transcutaneous carbon dioxide sensing system, implemented in a standard 180 nm CMOS process, utilizing the time-domain dual lifetime referencing method. The system incorporates an opampless delta-sigma modulator-based direct current-to-digital converter to capture the luminescence response of a carbon dioxide-sensitive film. To improve accuracy, we propose a current scaling technique that dynamically adjusts the delta-sigma modulator's feedback current in response to variations in the photodiode current, which reflect changes in carbon dioxide partial pressures. This approach reduces conversion errors and prevents the delta-sigma modulator from saturation. The system achieves a resolution of 0.15 nA/cnt while maintaining <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\sim 0.5 \\%$</tex> mean calculation error across a <tex xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$30 \\mu \\mathrm{A}$</tex> input range. We validated the system design through measurements in a gas chamber with carbon dioxide pressures ranging from 0 to 76 mmHg, covering the physiologically relevant range, as well as in a human subject where it successfully captured a hyperventilation event.","journal":null,"year":2025,"id":559447,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.951,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1460661,"name":"Benjamin P. Larkin","orcid":"0000-0002-7278-1112","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1460662,"name":"John McNeill","orcid":"0000-0002-6731-9484","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1278420,"name":"Ülkühan Güler","orcid":"0000-0002-4723-4424","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1460660,"name":"Tuna B. Tufan","orcid":"0000-0001-6905-1576","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":13,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:55:34.849815Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}