{"doi":"10.1109/cvpr.2019.00075","title":"Generalized Intersection Over Union: A Metric and a Loss for Bounding Box Regression","abstract":"Intersection over Union (IoU) is the most popular evaluation metric used in the object detection benchmarks. However, there is a gap between optimizing the commonly used distance losses for regressing the parameters of a bounding box and maximizing this metric value. The optimal objective for a metric is the metric itself. In the case of axis-aligned 2D bounding boxes, it can be shown that $IoU$ can be directly used as a regression loss. However, $IoU$ has a plateau making it infeasible to optimize in the case of non-overlapping bounding boxes. In this paper, we address the weaknesses of $IoU$ by introducing a generalized version as both a new loss and a new metric. By incorporating this generalized $IoU$ ($GIoU$) as a loss into the state-of-the art object detection frameworks, we show a consistent improvement on their performance using both the standard, $IoU$ based, and new, $GIoU$ based, performance measures on popular object detection benchmarks such as PASCAL VOC and MS COCO.","journal":"2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","year":2019,"id":7449,"datarank":13.51291251006469,"base_score":8.464214266625351,"endowment":8.464214266625351,"self_citation_contribution":1.2696321399938029,"citation_network_contribution":12.243280370070886,"self_endowment_contribution":1.2696321399938029,"citer_contribution":12.243280370070886,"corpus_percentile":85.0,"corpus_rank":2221,"citation_count":4741,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2019-06-01","authors":[{"id":66170,"name":"Nathan Tsoi","orcid":"0000-0003-0823-4859","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66171,"name":"JunYoung Gwak","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66172,"name":"Amir Sadeghian","orcid":"0000-0001-9911-075X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66173,"name":"Ian Reid","orcid":"0000-0001-7790-6423","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66174,"name":"Silvio Savarese","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66169,"name":"Hamid Rezatofighi","orcid":"0000-0002-8659-8773","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":25,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}