{"doi":"10.1109/access.2024.3447114","title":"Reference for Electrocardiographic Imaging-Based T-Wave Alternans Estimation","abstract":"Sudden cardiac death causes multiple deaths annually, and T-wave alternans are a reliable predictor of this fatal event. Detecting alternans is crucial for reducing disease incidence, and electrocardiographic imaging is a promising tool, providing spatial-temporal insights. The absence of references and segmentation methods specific to these data may complicate progress in the field. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a reference for evaluating estimation methods. Initially, a novel T-wave segmentation procedure specific to these data was introduced and compared with a commonly used method. Subsequently, a reference for assessing alternans estimation methods was created by integrating alternans into epicardial signals through a spatial-temporal Gaussian function. Finally, a bootstrap-based classifier for detecting alternans was developed. Results underscored the superiority of the novel T-wave segmentation procedure, with the lowest 95% confidence interval being <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$[16.57~\\mu V, 18.80~\\mu V]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, indicating significant disparities between the two segmentation methodologies. Furthermore, the generated reference demonstrated the distinguishability of T-wave alternans with an amplitude of approximately <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$55~\\mu V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from noise. Additionally, the classifier exhibited consistency with previous findings, demonstrating its ability to detect alternans with amplitudes around <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$50~\\mu V$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In conclusion, this study provides a spatial-temporal reference for proper evaluation of estimation methods, contributing to establishing a gold standard.","journal":"IEEE Access","year":2024,"id":481124,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9128,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1320858,"name":"Francisco-Manuel Melgarejo-Meseguer","orcid":"0000-0001-6916-6082","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":946687,"name":"Ramya Vijayakumar","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1321230,"name":"Juan-José Sánchez-Muñoz","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1320859,"name":"Arcadi Garcı́a-Alberola","orcid":"0000-0003-1928-865X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":946151,"name":"Yoram Rudy","orcid":"0000-0001-7561-4371","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":678239,"name":"José Luis Rojo‐Álvarez","orcid":"0000-0003-0426-8912","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1320857,"name":"Estela Sánchez-Carballo","orcid":"0009-0000-5401-9805","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":34,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:07:06.225103Z","pmid":"40303849","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}