{"doi":"10.1103/physrev.155.1554","title":"Symmetry Breaking in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories","abstract":"According to the Goldstone theorem, any manifestly covariant broken-symmetry theory must exhibit massless particles. However, it is known from previous work that such particles need not appear in a relativistic theory such as radiation-gauge electrodynamics, which lacks manifest covariance. Higgs has shown how the massless Goldstone particles may be eliminated from a theory with broken $U(1)$ symmetry by coupling in the electromagnetic field. The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss the analogous problem for the case of broken non-Abelian gauge symmetries. In particular, a model is exhibited which shows how the number of massless particles in a theory of this type is determined, and the possibility of having a broken non-Abelian gauge symmetry with no massless particles whatever is established. A secondary purpose is to investigate the relationship between the radiation-gauge and Lorentz-gauge formalisms. The Abelian-gauge case is reexamined, in order to show that, contrary to some previous assertions, the Lorentz-gauge formalism, properly handled, is perfectly consistent, and leads to physical conclusions identical with those reached using the radiation gauge.","journal":"Physical Review","year":1967,"id":10500,"datarank":1.0762086464754566,"base_score":7.174724309836376,"endowment":7.174724309836376,"self_citation_contribution":1.0762086464754566,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":1.0762086464754566,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1305,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.0385,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1967-03-25","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":16630,"name":"T. W. B. Kibble","orcid":"0000-0001-7667-0260","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":21,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}