{"doi":"10.1101/gr.269902.120","title":"Sequence analysis in <i>Bos taurus</i> reveals pervasiveness of X–Y arms races in mammalian lineages","abstract":"Studies of Y Chromosome evolution have focused primarily on gene decay, a consequence of suppression of crossing-over with the X Chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that suppression of X–Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X–Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice, and men. Using super-resolution sequencing, we explore the Y Chromosome of Bos taurus (bull) and find it to be dominated by massive, lineage-specific amplification of testis-expressed gene families, making it the most gene-dense Y Chromosome sequenced to date. As in mice, an X-linked homolog of a bull Y-amplified gene has become testis-specific and amplified. This evolutionary convergence implies that lineage-specific X–Y coevolution through gene amplification, and the selfish forces underlying this phenomenon, were dominatingly powerful among diverse mammalian lineages. Together with Y gene decay, X–Y arms races molded mammalian sex chromosomes and influenced the course of mammalian evolution.","journal":"Genome Research","year":2020,"id":118657,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":50,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9522,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":65486,"name":"Helen Skaletsky","orcid":"0000-0002-2724-3673","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553008,"name":"Tatyana Pyntikova","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553009,"name":"Natalia Koutseva","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551731,"name":"Terje Raudsepp","orcid":"0000-0003-2276-475X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":380403,"name":"Laura G. Brown","orcid":"0000-0002-4674-5134","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":183554,"name":"Daniel W. Bellott","orcid":"0000-0002-3265-7555","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553010,"name":"Ting-Jan Cho","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553011,"name":"Shannon Dugan-Rocha","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":550910,"name":"Ziad Khan","orcid":"0000-0003-2173-9771","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":94904,"name":"Colin Kremitzki","orcid":"0000-0001-9175-3136","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109973,"name":"Catrina C. Fronick","orcid":"0000-0002-2766-9551","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2128,"name":"Tina A. Graves-Lindsay","orcid":"0000-0002-0409-891X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":419309,"name":"Lucinda A. Fulton","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29181,"name":"Wesley C. Warren","orcid":"0000-0003-2255-2730","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1280,"name":"Richard K. Wilson","orcid":"0000-0002-1992-1358","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553012,"name":"Elaine Owens","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553013,"name":"James E. Womack","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459920,"name":"William J. Murphy","orcid":"0000-0003-3699-0723","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1751,"name":"Donna M. Muzny","orcid":"0000-0002-3055-0359","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":20068,"name":"Kim C. Worley","orcid":"0000-0002-0282-1000","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553014,"name":"Bhanu P. Chowdhary","orcid":null,"position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1753,"name":"Richard A. Gibbs","orcid":"0000-0002-1356-5698","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":183555,"name":"David C. Page","orcid":"0000-0001-5489-6453","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551730,"name":"Jennifer F. Hughes","orcid":"0000-0001-6590-7867","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":71,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:03.409507Z","pmid":"33208454","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}